Ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example However, a nurse’s past experiences, values, and beliefs may influence this solution. In addition, one ethical dilemma can be solved in a variety of ways. In this paper, I will give a case of an ethical dilemma in nursing, and discuss how this can be resolved using the 2009 Ethical Decision-making algorithm by Catalano. Ethical issues vary and may involve legal issues, pro-life issues, deception versus truth telling, quantity versus quality of life, control versus freedom, among others. A nurse will react differently to each of these ethical dilemmas (Lipe & Beasley, 2003). My case of ethical dilemma is a pro-life versus pro-choice situation, experienced some time ago by a friend who is a practicing nurse. This involved a fifty-year old woman in the ICU. She had been in the ICU for over one year, and shows no probability of getting better; instead, she gets worse each day. The patient wants her life to be terminated to save her the pain. However, her family does not agree with her wish, and advise the nurses to keep her. She undergoes multiple painful surgeries for her sustenance. The hospital knows that if they prolonged her life, it will be of low quality and full of pain. They however cannot perform anesthesia on her as the family threatened to sue the hospital if they took that step. On the other hand, the patient is bitter that her wish of ending her life has not been granted. This is a perfect example of an ethical dilemma. All the parties involved express different wishes and interests. The patient wants her life terminated to escape the pain; her family wants the nurse to prolong her life, while the nurse wants to save her patient much pain by performing mercy killing. Each party faces obstacles in fulfilling their desires. The patient’s family is the main obstacle as they threaten the nurse with suing if she terminates the patient’s life. Now, the nurse is to come up with a decision that will be neutral on side of the patient as we ll as that of her family. If the nurse prolongs the patient’s life, she will be prolonging her suffering, thus causing her harm. On the other hand, if the nurse complies with her patient’s wish, she may get in trouble with the patient’s family, and so cause a strained relationship, which sounds unethical. Catalino’s ethical decision-making algorithm would have come in handy in directing the nurse to the most appropriate decision (Denier et al., 2010). According to Catalino’s ethical decision-making algorithm, decision-making starts with assessment. This involves determining the party that will be most affected by the decision. Enough facts, including the potential risks of the patient, are gathered to arrive at this. The second step is to collect, analyze and interpret data. Here, the nurse makes use of the information they have to determine possible outcomes. Thirdly, the dilemma is identified and stated. In this case, the identified dilemma is to grant the patient her wish or to listen to her family (Deshpande, 2009). Next is to decide if the nurse can resolve the dilemma or not. If no, the nurse should not take any action, if yes, the possible solutions to the dilemma should be stated. Acceptable and unacceptable consequences are then identified. If the consequences are acceptable, an ethical decision can be taken, if they are unacceptable, no action is to be taken. If ethical decision is

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris Millions of people worldwide suffer from acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is classified as inflammation of the skin and the appearance of blemishes. With a large variety of acne treatments, it can be hard to know where to start. From home remedies to prescribed medications, it is common for individuals to have trouble with finding the right treatment. Acne vulgaris is treatable with a number of methods, but it is important to understand that the successful eradication of acne vulgaris is specific to the individuals skin. The development of acne is a disorder of the sebaceous glands. The development of acne begins at the cellar level where the hair follicle is blocked. The hair follicle is an opening in the skin which hair and sebum reach the skins surface. The hair follicle and the sebaceous gland is where acne begins to form. This process may go wrong for those who have acne and the dead skin cells and oil are not cleared out of the pore properly. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) The sebum and dead skin cells become trapped in the follicle. This debris that is trapped in the follicle blocks the pore opening. The blockage is a called a comedo, a clogged hair follicle in the skin. The blockage invites Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium that causes the inflammation of acne breakouts. The comedo creates an environment that lacks oxygen in the follicle. This environment is favored by P. acnes that will thrive and grow out of control in the follicle. The follicle will continue to fill up with sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria and it will start to swell up. White blood cells go to fight the bacteria in your pores. Redness, swelling, and pus is created forming a pimple. There are multiple things that cause acne. First, there are overactive sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands are responsible for creating sebum and oil that are needed for the skins surface. People who are prone to acne have sebaceous glands that create more sebum than what is needed. The excess oil in the hair follicle will create a blockage in the pore and becomes a comedo. (Web MD, 2015) This is what creates the environment that invites Propionibacterium acnes to grow. Second cause of acne is the abnormal shedding of the skin cells. The epidermis, the top layer of your skin, is always shedding dead skin cells. This natural process of exfoliation is called desquamation. Skin cells travel through the epidermis until they reach the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, where they will fall out and become replaced by newer skin cells below. Desquamation goes wrong with those who have acne and cells are produced faster than normal and the skin cells wont shed and will get trapped in the follicle. The third cause is the proliferation of bacteria in your skin. The most common bacterium that is found in your skin is Propionibacterium. This bacterium grows out of control in those with acne. P. acnes thrives in your pores that are blocked because of the lack of oxygen. P. acnes digest the oil that is trapped in the pores of your skin and produces a fatty acid waste. The waste will irritate your skin that causes the redness and inflammation. P. acnes is antibiotic resistant and cannot be washed away. However, there are treatments available that can help you treat and get rid of the bacteria in your skin. There are other factors that cause acne outside of your body. For example, hormones enlarge the pores and increase the rate of sebum production that can cause clogging. There are many different kinds of acne that you can get. These include: whiteheads, blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Whiteheads, in appearance, are exactly how they are sound. This type of acne has a white head on the surface of your skin. This is caused by sebum and dead skin cells that are blocking your hair follicles. Sebum production and dead skin cell exfoliation is natural for your skin and is needed to keep your skin healthy. However, if this process goes wrong, then that is when you risk getting clogged pores because excess oil and dead skin cells will get trapped and accumulate. Blackheads are relatively similar to whiteheads and also look exactly how they sound. Blackheads are also classified as comedones and look like black dots on the surface of your skin. (Acne, 2015) However, whiteheads are closed in the pores of your skin and blackheads are open. This gives the blackheads appearance. Blackheads are formed when the blockage that is trapped inside the p ore becomes oxidized. Papules are essentially a level higher than a whitehead that has been inflamed. A papule contains bacteria, sebum, and dead skin cells similar to the whitehead, but it does not contain pus. It is set apart from whiteheads by inflammation and redness. Pustules are similar to papules, but contain pus. Pustules are small round lesions appearing whitish on the center because of the pus. Nodes and cysts are similar to each other in terms of acne types. Nodules are severely inflamed and large lesions on the deep layers of the skin. Cysts are smaller and softer pus-filled lesions. These two types of acne can occur together, creating nodular cystic acne, or independently. These types of acne begin as papules and pustules and become nodes/cysts when they become irritated. This causes them to go deeper into the skin and produce pus. Many treatments and medications to treat acne vulgaris can be bought over the counter. Over-the-counter medications and treatments are also known as OTCs. These medications and treatments do not require a prescription issued by a doctor. Treatments that can be readily obtained are known to treat mild to moderate acne. Common over the counter treatments can take the form of lotions, gels, and washes.ÂÂ   Common bases of over the counter acne vulgaris treatments include benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and alpha hydroxy acids. Alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid. Benzoyl peroxide is the most common over the counter acne medication. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)ÂÂ   Benzoyl peroxide is found in a variety of gels, lotions, and soaps. Benzoyl peroxide has drying qualities, which removes excess oil and dirt. Benzoyl peroxide also is effective at eradicating bacteria, which often lead to the formation of acne vulgaris. Due to its drying and cleansing properties, benzoyl peroxide also unclogs pores. Side effects of benzoyl peroxide may include rare allergic reactions, redness, dryness, and scaling of the skin. Salicylic acid is another over the counter acne medication that is used often. Salicylic acid is only available in concentrations of 0.5 to 5 percent. Salicylic acid is used primarily as a topical gel or cream that is applied to effected areas several times a day. Salicylic acid works by preventing the clogging of pores. Side effects that may occur with the use of salicylic acid include redness, dryness, and irritation. The most popular alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid. Although there are other hydroxyl acids, those acids havent proven to be as effective. Alpha hydroxy acids are synthetic acids that would normally be derived from milk and fruit sugars. Hydroxy acids work by removing the dead layer of skin cells on the top of the epidermis. Hydroxy acids do not remove the epidermis, but they do remove the first layer. Hydroxy acids also stimulate the production of new skin, which then leads to smoother, calmer acne. The two side effects of hydroxyl acids are s un sensitivity and irritation. Sulfur, another base of over the counter treatments, is especially effective at eradicating P. acnes bacterium. The P. acnes bacterium is known to have started developing antibacterial resistance. Sulfur is often combined with other acne-eradicating ingredients. Sulfur is known to dry the skin and cause it to peel off; this is helpful in terms of removing excess odor and preventing the clogging of pores. When over the counter methods of treatment do not work well, it is recommended to then visit a dermatologist. Dermatologists will properly access acne and prescribe a treatment. The three main fields of prescription treatments include topical methods, oral methods, and treatment-based methods. There is a very large variety of prescription treatments available. Although these treatments cannot be readily obtained, they are proven to be more potent and concentrated than over the counter methods. The most common topical treatments for prescription medications are retinoids, antibiotics, and dapzone. Retinoids come in the form of creams and gels. Retinoids work by preventing the plugging of hair follicles. Retinoids are derived from vitamin A and they come in many different types. Although they all serve the same purpose, retinoids include tazarotene, adapalene, and tretinoin. Antibiotics are used as topical ointments and creams to kill the bacteria inside of acne. Dapsone is also an effective topical treatment because in addition to an antibiotic, dapsone effectively works to kill bacteria and reduce inflammation. Other prescribed treatment methods are oral drugs. Oral drugs include oral antibiotics, oral contraceptives, anti-androgen agents, and isotretinoin. Oral antibiotics have a direct effect on acne by reducing inflammation and killing bacteria on the skins surface. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) Some individuals cannot be treated with antibiotics because they may have built up a tolerance to antibiotics. Doctors may also be concerned with prescribing antibiotics to treat acne because the antibiotics may be used for months, or even years. The usage of antibiotics for a prolonged period of time is likely to develop antibiotic resistance in that individual. Common antibiotics prescribed for acne include doxycycline, limecycline, minocycline, erythromycin, trimethroprim, and cortimoxazalone. Oral contraceptives are also used in women to help reduce acne. Oral contraceptives include hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which balances out the amount of androgen produced in the body. Anti-androge n oral pills may also be prescribed to limit the amount of androgen produced in the body. Isotretinoin is often the last resort for acne treatments because it is a pill that may cause major side effects. Although isotretinoin is very effective, it does require close monitoring by the doctor. Isotretinoin is only prescribed when all other treatment methods have failed. Women that are prescribed this treatment are required to first take part in a Food and Drug Administration monitoring program. Many other treatments prescribed by the doctor are therapies. Therapies include light therapy, which targets bacteria in the skin that cause inflammation. Chemical peels may also be conducted in a doctors office. Chemical peels are acids applied to the skin that help with the eradication of bacteria on skin.ÂÂ   Steroids can also be injected in to nodular and cystic acne to improve appearance. With the injection of steroids, extraction of the cysts and nodules is not necessary. While treating acne, an emerging problem is antibiotic resistance in acnes. The Propoinibacterium found in P. acnes, is a slow growing, thick-walled bacteria that exhibits antibiotic resistance. To treat these types of acnes, doctors must turn to other methods of treatment besides antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in P. acnes raises concern because it is quite possible that other bacterium may begin to show similar properties. P. Acnes bacterial resistance is common in people treated with antibiotics for acne, and the resistance can spread to their family members and neighbors. (Ngan, 2014) As described above, many methods for acne suppression are available. Although many methods are available, it is important to note that not all treatments are equal in terms of effectiveness and that treatment is individualistic. When choosing an acne treatment method, it is important to know which kind of acne needs to be treated, and how severe it is. Mild to moderate cases of acne vulgaris are commonly successfully treated with over the counter treatments, and severe acne vulgaris is often treated with the help of a medical professional. According to dermatologists, all acne vulgaris is believed to be treatable after proper assessment and examination of the affected individual. Bibliography M. (2015, January 20). Acne Causes. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/causes/con-20020580 M. (2015, January 20). Acne Treatments and drugs. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/treatment/con-20020580 M. (2015, July 09). Over-the-counter acne products: What works and why. Retrieved January 18, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/in-depth/acne-products/art-20045814 Which birth control pills can help reduce acne? (2013, January 30). Retrieved January 19, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072393/ Writer, S. (2017, January 11). Different Types of Acne | Learn What Acne Type you Have. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.acne.com/types-of-acne/acne-signs/

The School of Athens and Raphael’s Portrayal of: Diogenes, Heraclitus,

Raphael was born on April 6, 1483 in Urbino in the Marche region. In 1491 when Raphael was eight, his mother died. Bette Talvacchia, author of Raphael cites that not much is known about Raphael’s personal life because he kept to himself about many things, but many historians believe that his personal life is portrayed through his paintings (8). Richard Cocke, author of The Complete Paintings of Raphael states that at the age of seventeen Raphael began to gain popularity as an artist and was, at that time, first commissioned as an artist (Cocke 83). Raphael was known for his historical paintings, such as The School of Athens, the way he painted the nude, and his amazing ability to make colors look vivid using oil paint (Cocke 5). Historical paintings are a type of painting genera that focuses on the story line rather that one specific moment, as in a portrait. Also, when painting with oil paint, it is difficult to make colors bright, so Raphael excelled at that. One of Raphael’s styles that he used was idealization rather than realism. Richard Cocke notes that â€Å"Raphael himself wrote to his friend Castiglione in 1514 about the problem of painting a beautiful woman: â€Å"I use a certain idea, which comes into my mind.† (5) Also, many of Raphael’s self-portraits show him dressed up as an elegant man rather than an artist, leading some to believe that he did not want to be viewed as an artist (Talvacchia 8). Raphael has an amazing ability to keep his artwork well balanced and organized (Talvacchia 8). Bette Talvacchia discusses: One of Raphael’s primary contributions to painting was to perfect the unison of classicizing technique with the tenets of naturalism. When composing a figure, for example, he referred to the visual evi... ... century. It is a constant invitation to think, reflect, and grow in knowledge. Works Cited Bell, Daniel O. "New Identifications in Raphael's School of Athens." The Art Bulletin 77.4 Dec. (1995): 643. Google Scholar . Web. 24 Apr. 2012. Cocke, Richard. The Complete Paintings of Raphael. N.p.: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1966. 5-102. Print. Hall, Marcia, ed. Raphael's School of Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 42. Print. Kahn, Charles H. The Art and Thought of Heraclitus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. 2. Google Scholar . Web. 17 May 2012. Matthews, Roy T., F D. Platt, and F X. Noble. The Western Humanities. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2011. 346-55. Print. Sandbach, F H. The Stoics. 2nd ed. Bedminister: The Bristol Press, 1989. 14. Print. Talvacchia, Bette. Raphael. New York: Phaidon Press Limited, 2007. 8-90. Print.

Discuss the future role of the United States in the twenty-first century

The role of the United States in the 21st Century will more than likely remain the same role that is has been since the end of World War Two which is it retain its role of superpower and the epicenter of much of the world economy. Of course, this role could very well change or at least be altered. Case in point, when the Soviet Union detonated a successful atomic bomb and then launched Sputnik into orbit the face of American society changed and the Cold War began. Similarly, the events of Sept 11 changed much of the foreign policy (and even domestic) policies of the United States.This, much like Sputnik, came as a surprise and without warning (granted Sputnik was not an attack, but it did increase paranoia) and it led to major changes. As such, since the future is impossible to predict it would be difficult to fully say what roles the US will play. While there will definitely be an increased an active presence of the United States in the Middle East, how this will be carried out is d ependent on who will be writing the foreign policy decisions. If there was one area on contention worth examining it would be the US’ role in the world in regards to the development of China as a superpower.China as a nuclear armed economic superpower could raise levels of nervousness in countries such as Taiwan and Japan, but what role will the USA play in Asia? Will it be active or isolationist? Again, time will tell. Regarding the difference between and old system of politics vs. a new system of politics, the political system has not changed in over two hundred years. Granted, political parties and ideologies may change the political system hasn’t. The nation still has a legislative branch, an executive branch and a supreme court.Additionally, there still remains a certain level of federalism in the United States so the political systems remain fairly the same decade to decade. There really is no fate to American democracy because it is highly unlikely the democracy will be replaced with another form of government considering that 99. 9% of the population seems to like the notion of a democracy. Changing the constitution is a moot point as the vast majority of the amendments to the constitution occurred within the first ten years of the nation’s birth.In fact, there has not been an amendment to the constitution in over 30 years. Considering that the means of changing or amending the constitution requires a super majority of the Congress and the Senate as well as a 2/3 majority of the states, it is next to impossible to rally support for a single amendment much less a series of radical changes to the amendment. As such, the constitution isn’t going to change. Similarly, the need for the expansion of public welfare vs. the ability to pass legislation that would expand welfare is extremely far apart from one another. Welfare can not be expanded by fiat.Also, if welfare expansion occurs there is the potential for a backlash from the electorate and this would make politicians very unlikely to advance such legislation when both parties are highly reliant on swing states and tight election victories. Keep in mind, Bill Clinton reluctantly signed welfare reform legislation under the notion that he would lose re-election if he did not sign it. The United States is not a socialist system and the voting public will not get behind an expansion of welfare in light of the 15 year rollback. As such, it is best to examine a cure for poverty outside of the welfare system.

Biofuels Will Give Greater Energy Efficiency Environmental Sciences Essay

Biofuel refers to any solid, liquid or gas fuel that has been derived from biomass.1 Biofuels are renewable fuels derived from vegetable affair. It can be produced from any C beginning that is easy to stock up, such as workss. Alternative fuel beginnings such as biofuels are attractive because they can be developed and they are more sustainable, cost-effectively and renewable energy. Biofuels will give greater energy efficiency and alterations in life styles. Biofuels have become chief concern issue in Brazil, the US, the European Union every bit good as many other states around the universe, due to concerns of oil dependance and involvement in cut downing CO2 emanations. All these parts have had important subsidies or authorizations for renewable energy production from agricultural beginnings. The most common schemes used to bring forth biofuel used for transit are: Grow workss – Plants that of course produce oils include oil thenar, Jatropha, soya bean and algae. When heated opposition ( viscousness ) is reduced they can be burned within a diesel engine or they can be processed to organize biodiesel1. Grow sugar harvests or starch – These include sugar cane, sugar Beta vulgaris, maize and corn which are so turned into ethyl alcohol through the procedure of barm agitation 1. Forests – By-products from forests can be converted into biofuels including methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and woodgas1. In Brazil, ethyl alcohol is produced chiefly from sugar cane get downing during the 1970s in order to cut down dependance on foreign oil2. However, the ethyl alcohol industry had a reverse in the 1990s due to inexpensive petroleum oil. When oil monetary values began to surge once more in the recent old ages, ethyl alcohol became a more attractive option to gasoline, aided by the launch of flex-fuel vehicles ( FFVs ) in 2003 3. Brazil has a comparative advantage in bring forthing ethyl alcohol, chiefly due to its handiness of land and its favorable clime for sugarcane cultivation. There are many different biofuels available in the UK. One of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel, which is really a mixture of 10 % ethyl alcohol and 90 % petroleum1.AdvantagesBiofuels cut down nursery gas emanations when compared to conventional conveyance fuels. Harmonizing to a technique called Life Cycle Analysis first coevals biofuels can salvage up to 60 % of C emanations compared to fossil fuels1. This was backed by a recent UK Government publication which stated biofuels can cut down emanations by 50-60 % . This is because the C dioxide they release when burnt is equal to the sum that the workss absorbed out of the ambiance. Therefore, they do n't lend to planetary heating and besides emit less particulate pollution than other fuels, particularly Diesel. However, it does necessitate some fuel to power the machinery on the farms where biofuels are produced. With gasoline monetary values on the rise, replacing crude oil with a renewable energy beginning should besides offer important nest eggs at the pump in the long term ; peculiarly when biofuels are more readily available and Biofuels are besides cheaper than fossil fuels. Many authoritiess are now offering revenue enhancement inducements to purchase greener autos that run on biofuels. This one of the brinies grounds production of biofuels is increasing. Another advantage is that biofuels are assisting to undertake poorness around the universe. For illustration Brazil invested to a great extent in ethanol production during the energy crisis of 1970s and now has one of the universe ‘s most advanced production and distribution systems3. This has increased economic growing, increased employment chances and besides positive consequence on energy monetary values, as grounds to endorse biofuel production. This is nevertheless debated due to the force per unit areas it places on agricultural resources but biodiesel could be a long term solution as it uses simpler engineering and lower transit costs aboard increased labor. Other advantages are: Does n't necessitate any extremist alterations to exchange to the usage of biofuels- unlike the troubles in exchanging to other renewable energy beginnings such as solar and wind power. Reduce dependance on foreign oils. Oil fluctuates in monetary value quickly, so altering to biofuels will assist buffer against the alteration. Ethanol is really cheap to bring forth. Can assist forestall engine knocking. The nascent U.S. biofuel industry has late begun a period of rapid growing. Over the past decennary biofuel production has been turning both in absolute footings and as a per centum of the gasolene and Diesel fuel pools. High universe oil monetary values, steadfast authorities support, turning environmental and energy security concerns, and the handiness of low-priced maize and soya bean feedstocks provide favorable market conditions for biofuels. Ethanol, in peculiar, has been buoyed by the demand to replace the octane and clean-burning belongingss of MTBE, which has been removed from gasolene because of concerns about groundwater taint.DisadvantagesBiodiversity – A fright among conservationists is that by accommodating more land to bring forth harvests for biofuels, more home grounds will be lost for animate beings and wild workss. It is feared for illustration, that some Asiatic states will give their rain forests to construct more oil plantations4. Many first coevals biofuels are non sustainable. It is necessary to make sustainable biofuel production that does non impact nutrient production, and that does n't do environmental jobs. Another concern is that if biofuels become moneymaking for husbandmans, they may turn harvests for biofuel production alternatively of nutrient production. Less nutrient production will increase monetary values and do a rise in rising prices. The impact is peculiarly high in developing states and it is estimated that around 100million people are at hazard due to the nutrient monetary value additions. By and large Life Cycle Analysis probes showed that the combustion of biofuels well reduces nursery gas emanations when compared to petroleum and diesel. However, in 2007 a survey was published by scientists from Britain, the USA, Germany and Austria which reported the combustion of rapeseed or maize can lend every bit much to azotic oxide emanations than chilling through fossil fuel savings1. In dumbly populated states such as the Netherlands, there is non adequate infinite to turn biofuels for the whole economic system, even if the full land surface would be used. This besides means that biofuels have to vie with alternate land utilizations such as nutrient production. The overall cost of doing biofuels is in fact a batch more so it would be to utilize natural beginnings such as air current turbines or things of that nature as a signifier of renewable energy. William claude dukenfields have to be tilled, and harvests have to be grown harvested and so fire in order to give off the needed energy. The production of non-sustainable biofuels has been criticised in studies by the UN, the IPCC and many other environmental and societal groups. As a consequence many authoritiess have switched their support towards sustainable biofuels, and options such as H and compressed air1. Other disadvantages Our technological procedures to bring forth biofuels are manner excessively dearly-won for us to be able to afford on a monolithic graduated table. We still need one million millions of dollars of research money into holding a fabrication procedure that will bring forth them at a cheaper rate. We still do n't hold anyplace near the sum of biofuel converted autos to be able to take advantage of this fuel beginning. We will necessitate to put millions of dollars to alter the car substructure to let us to take advantage of this amazing natural fuel. Once we are able to construct big fabrication workss we will necessitate to happen a manner to cover with the really bad odor that is the result of the biofuel production rhythm and big towns will non desire to set up with this bad olfactory property produced. On one manus they massively cut down C emanations and can assist you salvage hard currency excessively ; but on the other manus they could negatively impact the home ground of many species and are n't needfully energy efficient at the production phase.Political and environmental factorsInitially authoritiess in North America have supported the development and commercialization of engineering to bring forth ethyl alcohol from grains, particularly maize, over several old ages. A advisers ‘ study to the Ontario ministry of energy found that, while the usage of ethyl alcohol from corn as a conveyance fuel could cut down C02 emanations and support husbandmans, authorities ‘s subsidies and regulative support would be needed in the initial phases of programme. Harmonizing to this survey ethyl alcohol installations combined with cowss feedlots could accomplish fiscal break-even if big graduated table workss are successfully developed. Biofuels were found to hold an of import part to do in the context of the European Union ‘s agricultural policy and trade dialogues. The production and usage of woody biomass is found to offer the greatest benefits, production of liquid fuels from cultivable harvests is besides treated favorably. Government are now stating experiences in the U.S. and Brazil now suggest that bing biofuels production installations are responsible for the coevals of a scope of new air and water-related jobs every bit good as recent concerns over human wellness.Biodiesel advantagesBiodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oils or animate being fats that can be used either as a replacing for crude oil Diesel or blended with crude oil Diesel for usage in a standard Diesel engine. About 100,000 metric tons of used cookery oil and 230,000 metric tons of tallow are collected in the UK each twelvemonth and would otherwise be incinerated, put in landfill or exported. The usage of biodiesel can widen the life of Diesel engines because it is more lubricating than crude oil Diesel, while fuel ingestion, car ignition, power end product, and engine torsion are comparatively unaffected by biodiesel. Biodiesel is safe to manage and transport because it is every bit biodegradable as sugar, 10 times less toxic than table salt, and has a high flash point compared to petroleum Diesel With a much higher flash point than it is for petro-diesel, biodiesel is classified as a non-flammable liquid by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This belongings makes a vehicle fuelled by pure biodiesel far safer in an accident than one powered by crude oil Diesel. Biodiesel are biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable. The usage of biodiesel will besides cut down the undermentioned emanations: Carbon monoxide, ozone forming hydrocarbons, harzardous Diesel particulates of solid burning merchandises, acerb rain- causation sulfur dioxide, and lifecycle C dioxide Biodiesel has about the same MPG ( mile per gallon ) evaluation as petrodiesel Biodiesel readily blends and corsets blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel disadvantages Transportation & A ; storage of biodiesel require particular direction. Some belongingss of biodiesel make it unwanted for usage at high concentrations. For illustration, pure biodiesel does n't flux good at low temperatures, which can do jobs for clients with out-of-door storage armored combat vehicles in colder climes. A related disadvantage is that biodiesel, because of its nature, ca n't be transported in grapevines. It has to be transported by truck or rail, which increases the cost. Biodiesel is less suited for usage in low temperatures, than petrodiesel. At lower temperatures, the fuel becomes a gel that can non be pumped. The â€Å" pour point † is the temperature below which the fuel will non flux. As the cloud and pour points for biodiesel are higher than those for crude oil Diesel, the public presentation of biodiesel in cold conditions is markedly worse than that of crude oil Diesel. Another disadvantage of biodiesel is that it tends to cut down fuel economic system.

The KMT vs. The CCP essays

The KMT vs. The CCP essays The conflict of the Kuomintang(KMT) and the CCP(Chinese Communist Party) became obvious when the leader of the KMT died in August of 1925. This death caused the initial overthrow of Wang Jingwei and finally Chiang Kai-shek. Even before Chiang gained power, however, he had oppressed the CCP by arresting many of the leading Communists in the KMT. When he took over a struggle for the superlative form of government became apparent. The outcome, however, is one with much dispute. Why did the Communist regimes defeat the more equipped and better-aided Kuomintang? I would have to argue that it was mostly the fault of Chiang Kai-shek and the corruption of the KMT. In the following I will give the reasons to support this statement. Firstly, under the control of Chiang, the KMT did not have a very well organized or loyal administration. When the KMT was taking control over the warlord-controlled territories of China, instead of appointing the KMT's officials to oversee his conquered territories, Chiang allied the warlord armies and gave them control without significantly changing the underlying structure of their system. This led to become a very insecure form of government to which Chiang could not trust nor rely on to shape his 'nationalist' ideals. Furthermore, the moment Chiang was out of the warlords' sight, they would go back to being warlords. It was almost a mock-defeat, with Chiang forced to return to these territories to regain his control and weaken his subordinates. Also, Chiang mad no distinction to exactly what form of government he would like to see implemented. While the goal was democracy, the KMT believed that China was not ready for such a system. Or was it Chiang who did not believe that China was ready for this... The second mistake the KMT made is one of disassociation with the masses. Chiang and the KMT made no effort to identify or even communicate with the Chinese people the principles of his system o...

Free Essays on Economics

Methods of Speech Delivery Good speech delivery presents the speaker’s ideas in an interesting and clear manor. Speech delivery is the most important part of speech preparation because it is the actual moment when the speaker gets to set out their ideas and information to their audience. Methods of speech delivery are the ways that one can present or deliver their speech. The four methods are: reading from a manuscript, reciting from memorized text, improvised speaking, and speaking extemporaneously. At times it is vital that speeches are read word for word from a previously constructed manuscript. This is the first method of delivery: Reading from a Manuscript. An example of this is the President of the United States delivering his State of the Union Address. The President must read from gathered notes and such to ensure that all vital information is given to the American People. Reading from a manuscript also comes in handy when on a time limit. By reading word for word, the speaker knows exactly how long their speech will last. One must make sure to sound vibrant and natural. The idea is to make the audience think you are speaking to them not reading. Reciting from memory is self-explanatory. This method of speaking requires a speaker to deliver their speech entirely from memory. A best man at a wedding may have written out a speech but his actual speech is based on what he remembers from his written version. The most difficult aspect of speaking strictly from memory is to memorize it efficiently. If the speech is not, then it will appear as if the speaker is more distracted by trying to remember rather than communicating with the audience. When thinking of speaking impromptu, just think of the television show â€Å"Who’s Line is it Anyway?† The program is based on improv skits preformed by comedians, think of this delivery as improve speaking. This method requires quick thinking and confidence. The speaker must refrai... Free Essays on Economics Free Essays on Economics Methods of Speech Delivery Good speech delivery presents the speaker’s ideas in an interesting and clear manor. Speech delivery is the most important part of speech preparation because it is the actual moment when the speaker gets to set out their ideas and information to their audience. Methods of speech delivery are the ways that one can present or deliver their speech. The four methods are: reading from a manuscript, reciting from memorized text, improvised speaking, and speaking extemporaneously. At times it is vital that speeches are read word for word from a previously constructed manuscript. This is the first method of delivery: Reading from a Manuscript. An example of this is the President of the United States delivering his State of the Union Address. The President must read from gathered notes and such to ensure that all vital information is given to the American People. Reading from a manuscript also comes in handy when on a time limit. By reading word for word, the speaker knows exactly how long their speech will last. One must make sure to sound vibrant and natural. The idea is to make the audience think you are speaking to them not reading. Reciting from memory is self-explanatory. This method of speaking requires a speaker to deliver their speech entirely from memory. A best man at a wedding may have written out a speech but his actual speech is based on what he remembers from his written version. The most difficult aspect of speaking strictly from memory is to memorize it efficiently. If the speech is not, then it will appear as if the speaker is more distracted by trying to remember rather than communicating with the audience. When thinking of speaking impromptu, just think of the television show â€Å"Who’s Line is it Anyway?† The program is based on improv skits preformed by comedians, think of this delivery as improve speaking. This method requires quick thinking and confidence. The speaker must refrai...

Sideways and Clockwise

Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise Sideways and Clockwise By Maeve Maddox A reader seeks to understand two uses of the English word wise: Can you please suggest how can  we use the word wise. The meaning of wise is related to wisdom (Having or prompted by wisdom or discernment).    But some times I use this when some thing needs to be done in a way. for e.g. day wise, company wise, team wise and so on. Old English had two similarly spelled words derived from the same ProtoGermanic source: wis: learned, wise wise: manner, way It also had two verbs from the same source: witan: to know wisian: to direct or to guide The word wise in the sense of manner survived in two suffix forms: -wise and -ways, giving us such words as always, sideways, likewise and otherwise. Heres Fowlers note on these suffixes: 1. The ending -ways or occasionally -way, is often used indifferently with -wise, is very seldom the only form without one in -wise by its sideperhaps only in always. 2. In a few established words, -wise is alone, esp. clockwise, coastwise, likewise, otherwise, sunwise. 3. In other established words both forms are used, as breadth-, broad-, end-, least-, length-, long-, no-, side-, slant-. 4. In words made for the occasion from nouns, as in Use it clubwise or pokerwise, Go crabwise or frogwise, Worn cloakwise or broochwise or chainwise . . , -wise is now much the commoner. Fowler was writing about 80 years ago, but his observations remain valid. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?Mankind vs. Humankind

Supervisor Interview Assignment III ( Is there someone who has Essay

Supervisor Interview Assignment III ( Is there someone who has Supervisor friends or contacts or you can be a interviewee if yo - Essay Example It is his duty to assess the performance of all employees working under the customer service department, their way of handling customer transactions, and to reprimand them when needed. He directly supervises a total of 20 employees under the customer service department. He graduated with a degree in Management. Before becoming a customer service supervisor, he was a customer service agent. Because of dedication and hard work he got promoted to this position. While he was still studying he was able to join seminars on work ethics and professionalism. He had also undergone management and leadership trainings provided by the company. He said that there a lot of qualities a good supervisor must possess but if he needs to mention three very important qualities, he will consider the following: Superb Leadership Skills- To effectively lead a team a supervisor should have this very important quality. Although it takes time to develop this one, but once a supervisor has it, then leading the t eam to success will be easy. Good Communication Skills- One of the most important components in business management is communication. Communication is not done in a way that will discourage an employee, there must be some sense of respect and openness to fully reach out to the members of the team. A Positive Attitude Towards Work- This type of job carries with it a big responsibility not only to the company but also to the customers. If the supervisor is able to show the eagerness to perform the job efficiently then the employees will be inspired to follow what their leader does. It's hard for him to determine the things that he wishes he knew before he became a supervisor. He just thought that he wishes he knew earlier the reason why we encounter customer complaints but he guesses it is true that you can never please everyone no matter how much effort you make. Secondly, he wishes he knew more about the things that cause signal disruptions because that is the usual complaint of our customers. He narrated that there was one time that a customer service agent received a call from a very angry female customer. She had complaints on signal disruption. The woman was so angry that the agent got frustrated and asked him to help her figure out a way to calm the customer down. Being the one in charge of handling these types of problems, he did not waste time; he talked to her politely and explained to her some possible causes of signal disruption. He then apologized to her for the inconveniences that interrupted her dealings and promised to take the necessary actions to solve the problem. He further stated that as a supervisor, he is the role model of the team. His own way of motivating his team members is by letting them feel that they are essential to the company. As much as possible he pushes them to do their best every day, and give them compliments every once in a while to boost their self confidence. He is lucky to have team members who are good listeners and fo llowers. He advised not to stop believing in your own capabilities. Never let other people ruin your beliefs and aspirations. He said that if you wish to become a supervisor in an instant that's definitely impossible not unless you came from a highly influential family. So he said to keep working hard and never surrender. Part II: Analysis Through this analysis, I will share my learnings and realizations from the recently conducted interview with the customer service supervisor. The interview shows an

Ethics The Film The House I Live In Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics The Film The House I Live In - Essay Example This documentary is a powerful evaluation of the American futile and costly war on drugs that ranks the country as the globe’s largest injury. In his work, Jarecki declares that his catalyst for his project was spry in the documentary, the lady of African American origin who raised him as the parents were away at work. The lady is depicted as soulful and charming besides carrying the full weight of the world on her shoulders. In this film, it is easy to realize that simplicity is the pillar supporting the film. A spin from its center conjures a collection of a powerful dissection from frustrated and shamed agendas, compromised blood lines, inhumane decision making from the wealthy, compromised bloodlines, interviewing the jailed and their jailers, and credible persons who offer the opninions on why and how. The audience can decipher a laughable enterprise that from The War on Drugs, the phrase itself is absurd as lives are cost, families are destroyed. The American society is carefully cleansed off its enemies, racially. In this age, the drugs are purer, cheaper and easily availed than before. The documentary praises Richard Nixon in the charade’s beginning who supposedly and initially coined the media phrase with the Reagans driving it home in the 80s for vengeance. The documentary shows the audience that there has been no change, given the highly safer streets and prevalence of drugs. There is still a reckless abandon in spending.

Cover Letter--Investment Analyst-- DT Capital Advisory Essay

Cover Letter--Investment Analyst-- DT Capital Advisory - Essay Example Bachelor of Commerce program has been immensely helpful for my professional career. This program has focused on different areas and aspects of business such as finance, accounting, management, human resource management, economics and other vital areas of business studies. This degree has certainly enhanced my knowledge related to business and managing business. I am doing double specialization in Finance and Economics and Management. Therefore by having double specialization, I will have knowledge related to Finance, Investment, Economics, and Financial affairs and other finance related subjects and at the same time I will study courses such as management, human resource management, and others. As I have already worked in different companies, therefore, these experiences have helped me in knowing about practicality of different business and finance concepts. I was working as a Credit assistant at China Minsheng Banking Corporation. This job allowed me to do to investigate and evaluate the profile of customers and then recommend their credit limit. I have also worked and provided credit investigation reports of 6 projects to the Risk Management Executive Committee within demanding timelines. I have also worked at Guangdong Zhongnuo Wealth Capital Management Corporation as Management Associate. At this organization, I have worked with different departments of the company including human resource, capital market, and marketing, and this helped me to learn about different aspects and domains of business. Because of my characteristics and performance, I was assigned the responsibilities of team leader for conducting intensive advertising campaign. All these experiences have hel ped me in have a better understanding of how businesses operate and the importance of different departments at the workplace. In the future, I want to be a financial analyst or want to work in a brokerage house where I

In what ways would understanding the causes of crime aid offenders in Research Paper

In what ways would understanding the causes of crime aid offenders in the restorative-justice process - Research Paper Example includes: priority should be given to victim needs either through financial, material, emotional or social means; to avoid re-offending by re-integrating the offenders into the community; to make offenders accept their responsibility for their actions; and rehabilitation of offenders and victims by recreating the working community in order to avoid crime and to avoid the long process of the justice system and the related costs and delays. (Marshall, 1991). The Restorative Justice process is based upon the following assumptions: the root cause of a crime could be social conditions, the responsibility has to be shared by the local government and communities because they are also responsible for such social conditions, and in order to rectify it they have to accept some responsibility; collaboration of all parties in order to solve the problems present and to achieve resolution, along with including the collaboration among victims, offenders and community are essential factors that lead toward effectiveness and efficiency; The conditions of the legal outcome should be flexible enough in order to take proactive actions in any case; and lastly, justice is meant to represent balance between both the parties and no single justification will be allowed to dominate other. (Marshall, 1991). The process of victim-offender mediation provides the victims and offenders a safe and secure place with the purpose of holding the offender accountable for their misconduct. It is a platform provided to the victims where they can, with the help of a mediator, let the offender know how much they have been affected by the crime, to receive compensation and to get some answers to their questions. Victims can be a part of the restitution plan and may claim their losses directly. Therefore, the offender has to accept their responsibility for their behavior and assist within the process to develop a plan that provides compensation for the victim. It is through this stage that the

Matthew Broadrick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matthew Broadrick - Essay Example His father provided him with a stage at the age of seventeen in a workshop construction. His occupation grew majorly in two Neil Simon schemes that include the play, Brighton Beach Memoirs (1982 and 1983), and the famous film Max Dugan Returns, launched in the year 1983. He reprised the position of Eugene in the Biloxi Blues in the year 1988; he also participated in the second installment of the Simon trilogy, for both Broadway production and in the film adaption. In the third and the final installation of the trilogy, Jonathan Silverman replaced Matthew. He had his first big-screen success in the light comedy War Games in the year 1983 (Mecchi 1). He produced some of the best films that happened to be among the great hits in the film industry that include Project X (1987), which starred Helen Hunt whom he dated, Inspector Gadget in the year 1999, addicted to love in the year 1997. He has also appeared in other films that include Out on a Limb in the year 1992, the Night We Never Met in the year 1993, The Road to Wellsville in the year 1994, and The Cable Guy in the year 1996, which he produced with Jim Carrey that gave him The Best Fight award nomination. He had a car crash in year 1985, as he drove in Ireland with his beloved fiancà ©e Jennifer Grey. In that accident, a woman and her daughter were killed. In that case, he was free but he paid a fine to the relatives of the victims. In the car accident, he broke his leg. He returned to the New York stage in the revivals of old show plays such as ‘show the public how to succeed in business without much trying (Mecchi 2). In the year 1996, Broadrick co-produced the Infinity. He worked with his mother, and she wrote the screenplay. He did not manage to succeed as a director. He married Sarah Jessica Parker, who is also an actress. In his life, he dated Lili Taylor and was engaged to Helen Hunt. Broadrick came back to Broadway in musical

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Assignment

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) - Assignment Example VAWA has reauthorized funds for the prosecution processes. According to Doerner (2012), the creation of a national domestic violence hotline is also a provision of VAWA. Every victim of domestic violence has a right to use this hotline at any time. It has also allocated funds for different kinds of programs and initiatives which include shelter for the victims, education programs and programs to increase outreach to women living in rural areas (Doerner, 2012). In accordance to VAWA laws, it is a crime for a person convicted of domestic violence to transport, receive or possess firearms or ammunition. Government officials are exempt from this ban if the firearm is government issued (Nicoletti et al, 2010). The allocation of funds for initiatives and programs to support the victims of crime has tremendously improved their lives. The services offered such as healthcare and education has helped them restructure their lives and live comfortably. Reported cases of violence such as sexual assault and battery have reduced since the enactment of VAWA. This has a positive impact especially to girls and women who are the major victims (Biden, 2005). The federal civil right of action encourages women to make false allegations, and petition for child custody. This may lead to fathers being denied of the rights of being with their children. A woman seeking help from a center funded by VAWA is offered the option of leaving her husband, divorcing him and accusing him of being a criminal. VAWA makes all women victims of men (Schlafly, 2005). One of the controversial remedies has been the ban on possession of guns by anyone convicted of domestic violence. Firearms and domestic violence are a deadly combination. Abusers who have access to firearms pose a great threat not only to those they have abused but also to the larger society. Ineffective implementation of the laws by judges, as well as those in civil and criminal justice system, may bring a threat of injury or death to

Matthew Broadrick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matthew Broadrick - Essay Example His father provided him with a stage at the age of seventeen in a workshop construction. His occupation grew majorly in two Neil Simon schemes that include the play, Brighton Beach Memoirs (1982 and 1983), and the famous film Max Dugan Returns, launched in the year 1983. He reprised the position of Eugene in the Biloxi Blues in the year 1988; he also participated in the second installment of the Simon trilogy, for both Broadway production and in the film adaption. In the third and the final installation of the trilogy, Jonathan Silverman replaced Matthew. He had his first big-screen success in the light comedy War Games in the year 1983 (Mecchi 1). He produced some of the best films that happened to be among the great hits in the film industry that include Project X (1987), which starred Helen Hunt whom he dated, Inspector Gadget in the year 1999, addicted to love in the year 1997. He has also appeared in other films that include Out on a Limb in the year 1992, the Night We Never Met in the year 1993, The Road to Wellsville in the year 1994, and The Cable Guy in the year 1996, which he produced with Jim Carrey that gave him The Best Fight award nomination. He had a car crash in year 1985, as he drove in Ireland with his beloved fiancà ©e Jennifer Grey. In that accident, a woman and her daughter were killed. In that case, he was free but he paid a fine to the relatives of the victims. In the car accident, he broke his leg. He returned to the New York stage in the revivals of old show plays such as ‘show the public how to succeed in business without much trying (Mecchi 2). In the year 1996, Broadrick co-produced the Infinity. He worked with his mother, and she wrote the screenplay. He did not manage to succeed as a director. He married Sarah Jessica Parker, who is also an actress. In his life, he dated Lili Taylor and was engaged to Helen Hunt. Broadrick came back to Broadway in musical

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 68

Leadership - Essay Example The style of leadership chosen by an individual is reflective of their nature. Douglas McGregor pointed out that leadership is dominated by human nature, which can be explained using the X and Y theories. While theory X portrays the average person as lazy, lacking in ambition, and always waiting to be directed, theory Y perceives human beings as active, ambitious, and ready to take responsibilities (Stewart, 2010). Accordingly, although most people would want to identify with theory Y, the truth is that a majority of people are not that self-motivated and need to be prompted into action. This observation makes theory X more realistic than theory Y in the relationship between leaders and followers. Transformational leadership is a leadership model advanced by Kouze & Posner (2010), who in their first two chapters provide real life examples of managers whose personalities transformed their organizations. Essentially, Kouze & Posner (2010) perceive leadership as a relationship rather than a position by stating that leadership is not only measured by being in charge of others, but also by being credible. Transformational leadership encourages the leader to create away that will stimulate a common vision, challenge daily undertakings, motivate others to act, and even inspire them (Kouze & Posner, 2010). Considering that it took 20 years of intensive research in real organizations to come up with this model, the transformational leadership model is very important in understanding the concept of good leadership. The only problem with the transformational leadership theory is that it may give too much power to narcissistic individuals who might end up abusing such

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation Abstract The purpose of this thesis is establishing a new membership mechanism for the European Union (EU). As the EU struggles with different kind of issues those showed up lately due to its membership mechanism, the demand for a new membership system arises. The thesis follows five steps to come up with a new solution. First step covers information of the current membership system. Second step refers particular problems closely related with membership system. In third phase the framework of the recommended system is built up considering the problems. Within the fourth step, the new system applied on mentioned problems to see how it effects current situation in theory. Finally, the self-criticism on the recommended system and the comparison between recommended and current membership mechanism is done in the fifth part. To understand the necessity of a new membership system at least the existent structure with its historical background shall be known. As much as knowing well the source of problems, analyzing problems separately is also required to create a solution. In the same way to come up with a solution, the establishment of the system shall be based on arguments those pointed out during the examination of the current membership system. While settling the new system, required elements were inspired from different disciplines of the social science. To check the functionality of the new system, it is applied to related problems. More specific explanations about the system are held during this checking process. Even if it sounds well functioning in theory, there might be some points to criticize in the new system since the perfection of a system is hard to achieve in social topics. The last thing to decide about whether choosing the recommended system or not is comparing the system with the curren t one according to their advantages and disadvantages. All in all, the thesis claims that the European Union is going to have a dynamic membership mechanism which provides more efficiency in membership activities. As a result, the EU can solve its problems and increase its structural solidity. In other words, the unification of member states may process faster than before. INTRODUCTION The Assumption â€Å"The European Union is NOT a religiously formed structure; unlike it is suspected and conspired as a Christianity Union by some political scientists.† 1.2 The EU and necessity of a new membership system Europe has achieved a very stunning progress in unification so far. However the mind bending question â€Å"Does the unification make anything better for all of the EU countries?† still doesn`t have a clear answer. From 1952 Paris Treaty until 2007 the last enlargement, the European Union (EU) enlarged fifth times and each enlargement separately came with some pros and cons. It has been arguing that how come a positive and beneficial action could create drawbacks and be harmful rather than helpful. Even though the ideology behind the establishment of the European Union is basically covers mutual beneficial agreement, somehow enlargements make some members` current social and economic situation worse. Besides, there are also some debates on whether enlargements should continue or not. After considering long-term cost-benefit analysis of enlargement attempts some doubts justifiably aroused about necessity of enlargement. The answer of these kinds of questions and results of thes e arguments will be also provided if the dilemma of enlargement is solved. It is easy to point out the problems and backwards of enlargement observing the social and economic fluctuation in the EU countries. However, marking the first cause and fundamental reason of these problems and to find exact solutions, as much as the source of problems are different and varied and cannot be solved without major regulations, the enlargement structure should be examined per se. Thus, to see the main stream of enlargement problems, essentially focusing on the enlargement progress is necessary. As the question aroused about the enlargement progress, the membership process that the skeleton of enlargement is so important to analyze and observe the basic reason of problems in the EU with cost-benefit perspective. It can be said that the membership process may actually the origin of the problems which can be monitored in the EU. To see how membership process affects the Union badly, a comparison of social and economic indicators between current and previous situations is truly required. In other words, analyzing from â€Å"the big bang† of the EU till current situation by looking at enlargement results gives some clues to understand how problematic the membership process is. Additionally, the current social and economic situation of the EU members and the EU`s relations with other states are also helpful indicators to recognize the problem in membership process. Furthermore, during the analysis it can be observed that in some cases the legal and written rules of the EU come short to cover the legal loophole at the current membership process. After reaching the conclusion of analysis about the membership process, the system can be regulated and may be renewed according to the results those show us whether the system should be changed. Although if the results objectively refer the moderate performance of membership process, a new prospectively designed system will still be suggested to optimize the system and increase efficiency. Because by having a flashback to the establishment of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) it can be seen that the main scheme of the EU was created to improve and support efficiency among countries. Thus if there is a more efficient and beneficial system which helps the EU to get rid of its problems particularly, it should be preferred to current membership process due to ideological background of the EU, even though the current system works with difficulties. Besides, the recommended system will compromise with the current system by adapting most of its features. Mostly, membership systems are thought so strictly binding with members and rules of membership are not dynamic to adopt with a new unknown situation. But the recommended membership system which will be designed and tested can bring dynamism into the EU structure. The structure of membership process is bases on the framework of dynamic systems. As the ideology and motto of the new system, it can be said the whole world changes and differs every second to form adaptation with each items in it, systems also should be so dynamic that adopt with every sort of situation. In other words, the life is dynamic by itself. Therefore, a dynamic system for the EU membership mechanism is more realistic than a static membership model. Even in social sciences such as economics a dynamic analysis of economy is more explanatory than a static analysis and it also has more correct results. This thesis follows on five steps those will give us an understanding of change and the difference of new membership system. First of all, the current membership system and enlargement activities will be mentioned to observe the current situation. Secondly, the international, social and economical problems caused by current membership system will be mentioned particularly. The current problems and the lack of solution method against them will be shown in this part. Thirdly, the difference and requirements of new recommended membership system will be introduced. Furthermore, the application of the new membership system will be tried out with problems which would have been mentioned on the second step. Lastly, the conclusion to make an overall analysis and self-criticism of nominated membership system emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of both membership systems will be pointed out. At the beginning of the thesis, the assumption is placed in the middle of the first page without a ny additional script to emphasize it very strongly. Because the whole thesis is bases on the assumption that the European Union is just a union tries to increase common benefits of all countries in Europe without any discrimination. Otherwise, if it was not said so and the European Union was a religiously established union, there would be no need to improve efficiency of the membership process because the only one membership criterion that would have been looked for would be the Christianity of the applicant countries. Hence, the thesis would be meaningless, the current application of non-Christian countries as well. The assumption also helps to set the border of this thesis. During the thesis, the focus will just be on objective materials without referring any speculative comments. The dynamic system will be recommended for the EU can also be used as a conflict resolution method on the other unions` problem. With beliefs of the EU wants to have a more efficient and beneficial system, and also the EU defends that the unification of economic system and the harmonization of social structures shall be carried forward, a dynamic system will solve most of the problems in the union without getting in any other political debates such as religion. As an introduction for drawbacks of the current system, slowdown in economic indicators, rising of nationalist ideology and parties, rejection of the EU constitution, domestic moral problems in member states such as in Italy, Budget deficit problems in member states like Greece and Spain, lack of common foreign and security policy, and loosing beliefs of candidate states on the EU can be referred among dozens of problems. Nowadays, the EU is not in a comparable position with its former strength but the comparison of situations after and before enlargement activities will show that how the current system affects the strength of the union negatively. Thus, it will also explain how a membership system can diminish the power of a union. As simple as in the metaphor about flywheels of a machine, if there is any flywheel that works reversely, it should be gotten out from the mechanism before it blocks the working system. Even if a member state doesn`t work simultaneously with the union, the Union may be able to ban the state or hold its membership for a while. Otherwise the whole legal structure doesn`t help the system to work properly, this illustrates that the membership mechanism needs to be restored with an efficient one. PART I THE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM AND ENLARGEMENT ACTIVITIES 2.1 The current membership System The current membership system bases on three different documents which are The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49),The declaration of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e. Copenhagen criteria, and a document is decided after negotiations about adaptation to acquis communautaire between European Union and candidate state. Lately, all of the membership requirements and its legal structure were combined into the Treaty of Lisbon. This means that all of those three documents are included into the treaty of Lisbon with a couple of updates. Especially, the Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that decide whether a country is eligible to join the European Union and they are also known as the main detailed source for the membership prerequisites. Firstly, the idea of preparing a legal content for membership carried out with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article O). In Article 49 (formerly Article O), the geographical criteria and slightly general policy criteria were settled do wn. Then, with the 1993 Copenhagen Criteria, the general policy criteria of membership were described in more details considering three aspects; Political, Economic and Legislative. After all those criteria, as a homestretch, measures and regulations decided by negotiations between the European Union and candidate states fulfill the scheme of membership requirement for the EU. Most of these criteria have been confirmed over the last decade by legislation of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The mentioned documents provide all requisites to become a member state of the EU. Thus, criteria can be sorted with sub-categories to understand what the EU demands from candidates particularly regarding to the general policy, geographic, political, economic, and legislative criteria. As a main frame the general policy criteria can be summarized as in the Article O (Maastricht Treaty): â€Å"Any European State may apply to become a Member of the Union. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission and after receiving the assent of the European Parliament, which shall act by an absolute majority of its component members. The conditions of admission and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission entails shall be the subject of an agreement between the 16 Member States and the applicant state. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.† (European Commission, 1992a) In addition to the article it can be extensively illustrated by an excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions: â€Å"Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Membership presupposes the candidates ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union. †(Copenhagen European Council, 1993: 1) Regarding its acquis and actions, the EU doesn`t have certain steady geographic criteria for candidates. The EU refused Morocco`s applications a couple of decades ago, in 1987 due to territorial and geographical difference. Besides, even though Turkey has small part of its territory on the European continent and Turkey is on â€Å"negotiation† phase of membership process now, the membership of Turkey is still a huge debate. On the other hand, the speculations about the membership of Israel is considerably spread because of close economic and politic relations between Israel and the EU (Europa, 2007) and recently some Prime Ministers of member states individually declared that they would be happy to see Israel as a member state of the EU soon (Rettman, 2010). Hence, in the legal documents, the geographic criteria briefly demands that the candidate country shall have territory on the European continent and economical, cultural, historical and political ties with other European s tates as well. On the other hand, in practice, it can be seen so questionable. There is no clear answer for this dilemma. It can be easily illustrated by the fact that, before the rejection of Morocco, the EU accepted French Guiana to join the union despite the reality that it is in South Africa. Both countries mentioned in this case have similar background within France. The only difference is unlike French Guiana, Morocco is independent right now. However, instead of both countries, only French Guiana is in the EU. As a result, it can be claimed that the geographical criteria are not necessarily applicable within the current membership mechanism. Until 1993 the decision-making process of membership doesn`t have clear references. The clear expression of prerequisites is declared with the Copenhagen Criteria. However, when member states agreed on criteria in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any member state was in compliance with these criteria. Nevertheless some legal arrangements and sanctions have been imposed to monitor compliance with these criteria. The first victim of this action was the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schà ¼ssel in early 2000. They have been come across with sanctions of the other 14 Member States governments because of not compensating the membership requisites. These legal arrangements came into effect under the provisions of the Treaty of Nice on the first of February 2003. With Copenhagen Criteria three more aspects were added into membership mechanism; Political, Legislative and Economic criteria. These criteria are going to be explained particularly as follows; As a crucial part of political criteria the EU ask for a consolidated democracy from candidate states. According to most political science scholars, the definition of consolidated democracy contains these three steps; Competitive elections, Liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of press and freedom of association, and Consolidation of democracy in society. Consolidated democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country shall be able to participate equally in the political decision making process at every single governing level. Consolidated democracy also means free and fair elections with a secret ballot, freedom of press, the right to establish political parties without any obstacle from the state rulers, freedom of association, freedom of expression, rule of laws and freedom of standing trial through unbiased free judges. The second political criteria for candidate states is the rule of law which expresses government authority may only be exercised in accor dance with documented and written laws. They should be adopted through an established procedure. In case of arbitrary rulings towards individuals, the principle is supposed to be a safeguard. The third political criterion to join the European Union is respecting the Human rights in every kind of situation. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of human rights and the EU is also admitted its legitimacy. According to the declaration human rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being should be protected against all threats. Besides, those rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. Briefly, if a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be limited, granted, bestowed, bartered away, or sold away. These include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the rule of laws, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.(Wikipedia, 2010a) T he last but not the least political criteria for EU membership are respect for minorities and protecting their rights. At the beginning there was no clarity in definition of minorities in member states. But in 1995 with the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (COE) the EU declared minorities in member states and defined their rights with consensus. However, minorities in member states are defined by a consensus commission which was formed by member states therefore not all minorities could be regarded and defined within the concept. The consensus commission (the Venice Commission) reached the conclusion of the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which protects minorities by defining them as â€Å"a group which is smaller in number than the rest of the population of a State, whose members, who are nationals of that State, have ethnical, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religion or language† (Venice Commision, 2004: 1). According to the definition of national minorities, unlike others, recent minorities such as immigrant populations have not been listed by signatory countries in the convention. This can be seen by checking the list of national minorities published by Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2007). Another issue of the EU membership mechanism which can also be considered as a membership requirement is the economic criteria. As it is obviously known that the free market economy is the main characteristic of the EU. Speaking generally about free market economy, candidate countries shall have a functioning free market economy and the system should not be interfered by government as little as it is possible. Besides, their producers shall have the capability to deal with competitive pressure of free market and market forces within the Union. Nowadays, all economic requirements for membership are carried out with The European Exchange Rate Mechanism to take candidates into the Eurozone. While debating economic criteria for EU membership, one of the most popular misbelieves is the acceptance of economic criteria which were defined by the Maastricht Treaty as prerequisites for membership. Because the way it is interpreted in the Maastricht Treaty concerns about member states. They men tion about neither the necessity of abiding by the treaty for candidates nor obligations on candidate states. However, in practice, fulfilling those criteria is also expected from candidate states. The economic criteria defined by the Maastricht Treaty became more concrete with the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure and the Protocol on the Convergence Criteria Referred to in Article 109j annexed to this Treaty. In the Protocols the desired ratios and rate were announced to member states, regarding to the practical aspect of the Treaty, it is binding for candidate states as well. The economic requisites for membership are sorted with articles in the protocol as follows; â€Å"The reference values referred to in Article 104c(2) of this Treaty are: 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government deficit to gross domestic product at market prices; 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.†(European Commission, 1992c) â€Å"The criterion on price stability referred to in the first indent of Article 109j (l) of this Treaty shall mean that a Member State has a price performance that is sustainable and an average rate of inflation, observed over a period of one year before the examination, that does not exceed by more than 1 ½ percentage points that of, at most, the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability. Inflation shall be measured by 30 means of the consumer price index on a comparable basis, taking into account differences in national definitions.†(European Commission, 1992b) Lastly, all candidates should regulate and enact their constitutions and judicial systems to consolidate them according to European law which built up over the history of the Union and also known as the acquis communautaire. After all criteria, the negotiations phase is the last step towards membership. During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards meeting the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the basis of this, decisions are made as to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions need to be taken before its access become possible. However, even though a country successfully fulfilled the whole bunch of criteria, it is declared that the new member cannot take its place in the Union until it is considered that the EU per se shall have enough absorption capacity for this enlargement. This situation were announced with the excepts in Presidency Conclusions (Copenhagen European Council, 1993) as follows; â€Å"The Unions capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important consideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.†(Copenhagen European Council, 1993: 1) To see the officially declared requirements and explanations it can be better to quote some excerpts from official web-sites of the European Union, thus the criteria can be compared and understood with and without interpretation; Accession criteria In 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the fifth enlargement, agreeing that â€Å"the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union.† Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of ‘if, but ‘when. Concerning the timing, the European Council states: â€Å"Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required.† At the same time, it defined the membership criteria, which are often referred to as the ‘Copenhagen criteria. Copenhagen European Council Membership criteria require that the candidate country must have achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic monetary union. Madrid European Council Membership criteria also require that the candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures, as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995. While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation, it is even more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures. This is a prerequisite of the mutual trust required by EU membership.† (European Commision, 2010) As opposed to the membership criteria and the EU`s Acquis Communautaire, general criticisms are the lack of certainty and elaboration in membership criteria, not mentioning in Acquis Communautaire about cancelling membership in the case of refusing to carry out sanctions and penalties opted by the EU and the slightly existence of flexibility towards extreme case such as a desire of a member state to quit from the Union. In other words, there are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states about membership criteria and cancelling membership of an idle member state. On the other hand, the right of quitting form the union is recently added to the EU acquis with the Treaty of Lisbon. â€Å"Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntary withdraw from EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty. The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalizes the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.†(Wikipedia, 2010b) â€Å"Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.†(European Comission, 2007: Article 50) 2.2 Enlargement Activities The European Union enlarged fifth times so far and enlargements with greater amount of candidates mostly occurred through eastern European countries after the definition of the criteria mentioned above. This enlargement process started in 1952 when the European Union was still called as the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the EU has achieved to have twenty-seven member states with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. Table 1. The EU`s enlargements and its approved members Accession Applicant Issued Enlargements 23 July 1952 France N/A Founding Members 23 July 1952 (West) Germany N/A 23 July 1952 Belgium N/A 23 July 1952 Italy N/A 23 July 1952 Netherlands N/A 23 July 1952 Luxembourg N/A 1 January 1973 United Kingdom 10 August 1961 First Enlargement 10 May 1967 1 January 1973 Denmark 10 August 1961 11 May 1967 1 January 1973 Ireland 10 August 1961 11 May 1967 1 January 1981 Greece 12 June 1975 Second Enlargement 1 January 1986 Spain 28 June 1977 Third Enlargement 1 January 1986 Portugal 28 March 1977 1 January 1995 Austria 17 July 1989 Fourth Enlargement 1 January 1995 Sweden 1 July 1991 1 January 1995 Finland 18 March 1992 1 May 2004 Cyprus 3 July 1990 Fifth Enlargement 1 May 2004 Malta 3 July 1990 1 May 2004 Hungary 31 March 1994 1 May 2004 Poland 5 April 1994 1 May 2004 Slovakia 27 June 1995 1 May 2004 Latvia 13 September 1995 1 May 2004 Estonia 24 November 1995 1 May 2004 Lithuania 8 December 1995 1 May 2004 Czech Republic 17 January 1996 1 May 2004 Slovenia 10 June 1996 1 January 2007 Romania 22 June 1995 1 January 2007 Bulgaria 14 December 1995 Within the table above the enlargements and candidate countries are sorted according to historical antecedence. On the other side, there are also countries which could not join the EU because of particular reasons. The United Kingdom is vetoed by the French Government in 1961 and Denmark and Ireland

Pay and Job Performance Essay -- Business Management Studies:

Critically evaluate this statement: Managers who rely only on pay to motivate their employees to higher levels of job performance will always be disappointed n the results. Pay is one thing that causes many discrepancies within the work environment. Most employees continue to try and further themselves in work usually with the hope of better pay; fringe benefits i.e. company cars, pensions and so on. There are however, those who show â€Å"highly motivated behaviour where economic rewards are low.†[1] This citation agrees with the above statement, however, throughout this essay I will sum up where pay can be seen as a good motivator and where extrinsic benefits fail. Content theorists such as Maslow and Herzberg look at needs and what gives people the drive to work. A similar theme arises in the different theories which on face value seem opposing they all look at ones desire to work in order to satisfy their needs. To start, Maslow believed there is a hierarchy as to what makes people work. The first being for survival. People need basic requirements such as food, water and shelter. Those in this group are not necessarily poorly motivated but are purely working to satisfy needs. The second level of five is for safety reasons i.e. a safe work environment – job security. Thirdly Maslow believed some are motivated by the need for social interaction, friendship with fellow colleagues. This is inclusive of a sense of belonging. Further up the hierarchy is the need for status. When an employee is made to feel important and needed in a job this will motivate them to do well. Lastly is personal ambition called self-actualisation. This is a level of complete satisfaction. For Maslow, pay is the lowest in all of the motivators. He believes you move up the scale towards self-motivation. However, his theory has been met by much criticism. It can be seen as â€Å"patronising and elitist in terms of the values it expresses.†[2] People can achieve complete self-motivation from activities they do outside of work i.e. childcare, for these employees they can have reached a higher order before satisfying the lower ones. It is also practically impossible to generalise everyone’s strengths and weaknesses as each person is an individual. The theory is also often contradicted by research such as the study by Hall and Nougain. (1968)[3] In reality... ...r hard work showed in their performance. In conclusion, the essay has shown circumstances where pay works as a motivator and where it fails. The overwhelming feeling is that pay is fine as a short term motivator but when it is used continually workers can become reliant and it can put pressure on employee relations as well as encouraging them to work purely for economic reward. Managers will not always be disappointed with results as explained but there are other ways to motivate which have shown to produce continually good results such as job enrichment and making employees feel as though they genuinely matter. In my opinion, managers who use pay incentives can achieve good results but from reading the articles as evidence my advice would be to use them sparingly. [1] Organisational Behaviour – compiled by A. Beauregard page 201 [2] Organisational Behaviour – compiled by A. Beauregard page 204 [3] This study â€Å"examined the changes in needs of a group of people.† OB – A. Beauregard page 205 [4] Organisational Behaviour – compiled by A. Beauregard page 205 [5] Organisational Behaviour – compiled by A. Beauregard page 206 [6] Harvard Business Review

Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Learning Essays

Philosophy of Teaching My goals as a teacher are to help students communicate effectively and foster a desire to learn. I believe these two characteristics are important for students to have because despite what problems they encounter or what situation they are in, the ability to communicate effectively will help them in working with others and the desire to learn will motivate them to make positive changes in their life. As a teacher, I want my students to become interested in learning, both in school and in their personal lives. With these two goals in mind, my role as a teacher is to help them acquire these skills and values. However, effective communication is one of the hardest tasks for teachers because we all communicate in different ways and through different means. This is why teachers also need the desire to learn because it will motivate them to learn more useful ways of communicating and connecting with the students. To help students attain these goals, a teacher who leads by example can demonstrate to students how to communicate to others. In addition, if teachers are excited about what they teach, they will create a better learning environment that will motivate the students to learn. My philosophy of teaching consists of these two traits because after they leave my class, I want them to continue their education with the desire to learn more and to communicate this desire and the skills they have obtained with others. As a future social studies ... Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Teachers Education Learning Essays Philosophy of Teaching My goals as a teacher are to help students communicate effectively and foster a desire to learn. I believe these two characteristics are important for students to have because despite what problems they encounter or what situation they are in, the ability to communicate effectively will help them in working with others and the desire to learn will motivate them to make positive changes in their life. As a teacher, I want my students to become interested in learning, both in school and in their personal lives. With these two goals in mind, my role as a teacher is to help them acquire these skills and values. However, effective communication is one of the hardest tasks for teachers because we all communicate in different ways and through different means. This is why teachers also need the desire to learn because it will motivate them to learn more useful ways of communicating and connecting with the students. To help students attain these goals, a teacher who leads by example can demonstrate to students how to communicate to others. In addition, if teachers are excited about what they teach, they will create a better learning environment that will motivate the students to learn. My philosophy of teaching consists of these two traits because after they leave my class, I want them to continue their education with the desire to learn more and to communicate this desire and the skills they have obtained with others. As a future social studies ...

Cause and Effect on World War 1

Cause and Effect on World War 1 World War One, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918. The war was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One included over 8 million deaths, higher taxes, rationing of food, and etc.Imperialist is considered a primary cause of war. With Europe’s growing economy and wealth, rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were more accepted which ultimately led to unrest. Before the war, Europe was growing prosperity and peace. By 1900’s European powers were in control of most African, Asian, and other continents, showing strong ideas of imperialism. While imperialism show cased European strength it also revealed its dependency. Each country’s prosperity hinged on its ability to maintain and expand its colonial empire.This has created competition among imperialist powers for foreign territory. The British felt endangered by Germany’s fast economic growth. Quickly after that, Germany’s new modern factories largely out produced Britain’s older ones. This was a strong economic reason for Britain to oppose Germany in any disagreement. Territiorial disputes was also an ongoing problem with European countries as the leasders wanted more land and didn’t know who owned land was being taken all the times. Imperialism also divided European nations.Now on to the causes that made a difference or that was important with WW1. What exactly were the causes of World War 1? Sounds like a simple straight to the point question, but it’s definitely not. It was more to what think was the whole cause of World War 1, more than the st art of the war than an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia. Causes of the war also dealt with nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with the alliance systems in Europe all strongly affected the outbreak of the war. All of these factors where established in many of Europe’s â€Å"Great Powers† which consisted ofGreat Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The main cause focused on what I stated above, in the previous sentences. The causes of World War 1 include a growing sense of militarism, which was accompanied by arms race, and imperialism. Imperialism as economic rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were prevalent. What were the effects on World War 1? This war had a few effects on America society, though the war instigated problems, causing n effect that is negative on the American home front. Americans experienced a lot of problems, like the narrowing of our rights and the war caused a patriotic sense to Ameri ca that got to the point where people were discriminating people from other backgrounds. † Also, from many soldiers drafted to war more job opportunities were available. Though this seemed like a good thing, negative effects came out of it The war itself left an everlasting impact. After this was women were gaining more rights. They were gaining rights such as voting and sexual equality.The male dominance patriarchal ideas weren’t so strong anymore. The United States entered the war with the mindset of being neutral and isolated. Russia left the war allowing them to deal with the conflicts. The effects of the war included over 8. 5 million deaths, rationing of food and other products, higher taxes, famine, and propaganda war. This war cost billions of dollars and tons of lives. It brought Japan up to Great Power status, which fueled their ambitions in the Far East. It reinforced the American strain of isolationism which led to the Great Depression. War reparations and t he harsh peace settlement on Germany made conditions ripe to bring Hitler and the Nazis to power, and the war was the straw that broke the back of the Russian monarchy which allowed the Russian Communists to take power (europeanhistory). † The economic and political effects were so great that World War 1 marks the start of a modern era. With all the effects that took place with World War 1, it then started a new war that lead to World War 2, â€Å"The Cold War. † Works Cited Nash, Gary B. , Julie Roy. Jeffrey, and Allen Yarnell. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Print.