Analysis Of The Movie Miranda August - 1792 Words

Throughout this year, I’ve ready numerous bodies of text varying from poems, plays, novels, and essays, which were all meaningful literary pieces with profound influence on pertinent topics as well as controversial ones. These literary pieces, alongside the work of Miranda July, an author who best represents my current generation (millennials), aided in unveiling the universal theme: reality is dictated by your perception. This paper will discuss the texts read and analyzed throughout my English class, as well as explore any similarities between the overarching theme and Miranda July. Literature Review Miranda July is an American film director, screenwriter, author, actor, and artist, who owns several award-winning books, such as her most†¦show more content†¦Her audience is completely engaged, each audience member seems to play an actual citizen in her new society, and many jump into the stage from their seats to participate. Participation varies from death, birth, and kissing between audience members. (2014) Overall, Miranda July’s presentation is a unique community-creating process that brings together unfamiliar people and puts them in a situation that emulates the creation of a society. Miranda July’s most well-recognized book is â€Å"No One Belongs Here More Than You†, which is essentially an anthology of short stories written by July, which, according to Josh Lacey, a book reviewer from The Guardian, â€Å"are populated by sad, lonely, isolated people who feel a terrible dissatisfaction with the failure of their lives to matc h the drama and intensity of their dreams.† (2007) Moreover, an excerpt I read from the novel described an idealistic situation in which a â€Å"person† is imminently going to have something tremendous happen to them, as they can sense it. In conclusion, her novel seemed set in perfect situations, which is reminiscent of fantasy. Her website, on the other hand, is quite normal. It contains a simple interactive list of her upcoming and past events, as well as an â€Å"About† page which contains information regarding Miranda July. It also contains contact information,

Capital Punishment Essay - True Justice Through...

True Justice Through Application of the Death Penalty The death penalty, as administered by states based on their individual laws, is considered capital punishment, the purpose of which is to penalize criminals convicted of murder or other heinous crimes (Fabian). The death penalty issue has been the focus of much controversy in recent years, even though capital punishment has been a part of our countrys history since the beginning. Crimes in colonial times, such as murder and theft of livestock were dealt with swiftly and decisively (The Death Penalty...). Criminals were hanged shortly after their trial, in public executions. This practice was then considered just punishment for those crimes. Recently though, the focus†¦show more content†¦Conversely, one of the main arguments for the death penalty is that it does deter crime. U. S. Department of Justice F. B. I. statistical data supports this point by highlighting the fact that most criminals released back into society commit additional felonies. Indeed, two out of thre e death row inmates had prior felony convictions, and one in twelve actually had been convicted of prior homicides (Snell). Removing any chance of further contact with innocent human beings, by carrying out the sentence of death, effectively assures us that this criminal will not commit another crime (Fabian). The crimes he or she would have perpetrated on future victims have essentially been deterred. Unfortunately, there is no way to determine who these spared victims are, yet the statistics just mentioned support the assumption that more heinous crimes will be committed if these criminals are not dealt with in the most permanent fashion - by execution. The death penalty is not cruel and unusual punishment. Authors of the United States Constitutions 8th Amendment related cruel and unusual punishment to methods used in ages past. There were many ways of carrying out the death penalty then that are not acceptable now. 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In order for there to be punishment, there must be both a wrongdoer and an authority to inflict the penalty. In a family, when you break a rule, the punishment is handed out by the parents. In society, punishment for crime is carried out by a criminal justice system (police, courts, and prisons). In both systems, one solid rule of thumb can be derived: if youRead More Kant and the Morality of Anger4094 Words   |  17 Pages This essay does not comprise a defence of retributive punishment, neither does it imply a rejection of deterrent punishment. The writer suggests that one possible reason for the tendency to advocate punishment of offenders with ever increasing severity can be discovered in the concept of the morality of anger. It is this explanation of the phenomenon that forms the principal burden of the arguments used in this essay. 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Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happensRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 PagesSarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus   20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. Assumptions of Demonology Secularization: a systematic and general attempt to explain something The world is a battlefield between supernatural forces of good and bad DevianceRead MoreEssay about Decision Making by Criminals3039 Words   |  13 PagesState (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a period called the Holy Inquisition which lasted from the twelfth century to the eighteenth century. During the Holy Inquisition, punishment that was harsh and capricious was the norm. Also, there was no protection against bogus allegations, meaning, the burden of proof was on the accused to prove his/her innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The classical school of criminology was a response to the harshRead MoreDeterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime3085 Words   |  13 PagesState (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a period called the Holy Inquisition which lasted from the twelfth century to the eighteenth century. During the Holy Inquisition, punishment that was harsh and capricious was the norm. Also, there was no protection against bogus allegations, meaning, the burden of proof was on the accused to prove his/her innocence. The classical school of criminology was a response to the harsh times

The Role of Forensic Accounting

Question: Discuss about the The Role of Forensic Accounting. Answer: Introduction Advancement in the digital technology offers great and vast opportunities for the perpetrators as well as for the fraud investigators. Fortunately, the technology to investigate the ways of examining the fraud methods, conducted. While some of the methods, computerized traditional tasks versions, like online working papers, others, like neural networks based risk analysis have been revolutionizing the field. Several researchers and auditors get themselves to work amid the workplace that is ever-charging with the methods that are computer based, leading the charge (Anderson, 2012). Drastic growth of the corporate world with border-less business increases the opportunities that could be unlawful activities, scandals and misleading acts. Despite advanced tools and procedures implementations to control these discovered fraudulent activities, still new financial frauds have been developing and discovered, for about 62% in just three years, from 2009 to 2012 (Anderson, 2012). As per recent newsletters, there is a rise of 53% of financial frauds, reported during first half year of 2016, more than 2015. Background The fraud incidents continue to increase both in public and private sector organizations, all over the world. Now, fraud has become a common and universal problem and no single nation is immune, through developing countries suffer most pain (Hawkins Priday Ltd., 2012). Probably, the most difficult aspect to these techniques that are computer based is the single term application to wider range of methods, such as data mining, digital analysis, computer forensics and electronic evidence collection. Such detection of the computer based fraud involves various methodologies, technologies and goals different technologies. Some of these techniques need the basic understand of the techniques of data mining and query languages, and others demand strong statistics knowledge and computer science background. Forensic accounting has been growing so rapidly, in the field of accounting and describes the results from anticipated and actual litigations and disputes. The term, Forensic indicates, suitable for use for court of law and this is the standard to what the Forensic Accounting and Forensic Accountants work, generally. So, Forensic Accounting is considered as a accounting investigation style for determining the involvement and engagement of the organization or individual in any form of financial activities that are illegal (Imoniana et al, 2013). Though Financial Accounting and Financial Accountant have been in existence from many decades, the present FA include various new methods and techniques of financial information security. As the management and employee fraud, theft embezzlement and many similar crimes financial have been increasing, eventually, personnel of auditing and accounting must have relevant skills and training for investigate these crimes, both at locally right from grassroot level to the state levels for better ensuring in larger prospective towards fraud deterrence, investigation, prevention, remediation and detection. Issue Financial Accounting has been implemented for detecting the digitized financial unlawful activities, against the standards of law, with the intent of fraud. The challenge of discovering all the existing digital financial frauds, is not limited to just the present technologies, but also in the knowledge, skills and expertise of the Financial Accounting to use all possible Financial Accounting methods and techniques, developed then far. Aim and objectives The aim of the research is to explore the ways of investigating the frauds through forensic accounting and how these can best be useful in terms of the business. The aim and objective of the paper is to find the solutions for the following research points. Different types of services that the Forensic Accountant provides All the skills needed by a Forensic Accountant professional Various techniques employed for detection of the fraud and the effectiveness of them Further steps taken after detection of the fraud, by the Forensic Accountant Literature Review Forensic Accounting Forensic Accounting or financial forensics is the area of accounting, which is specialised practice, describes engagements and results from litigation or actual or anticipated disputes. The work that is performed and issued reports will give the answers to the what, where, why, how and who, in which the court ultimately decides.. Financial Accounting provides the answers to the questions of what, who, where, why and how, from the reports generated and work performed. Forensic accountants also called as investigative auditors or forensic auditors, generally have to provide evidence who are expertise in every eventual trial. Generally in every accounting firm that are larger and medium sized firms and government and police agencies have the forensic accounting departments as specializations (Crumbley et al, 2005). There are sub specializations in the above groups in personal injury claims, anti-money laundering, insurance claims, fraud, construction (Crumbley et al, 2005). Forensic Accountant Forensic accountants are well experienced accountants, auditors and investigators of the financial and legal documents, in which all the activities that are possible suspicions frauds within a company or hired to prevent the fraud activities happening, also providing services the areas like valuation, accounting, damages and general consulting. Forensic accountants also work for tracking of bankruptcy, divorces, fraudulent claims, insurance claims, construction and terrorism (Charrier Pelisse, 2013). Most of the forensic accountants are in the work like lawyers and enforcement personnel. They appear for the purpose of expert witnesses. Services Forensic Accounting services are used since ancient Egyptians of Pharaoh times. Pharaoh used scribes for these services for accounting of his assets and gold. The scribes used in the courts that were charged to prevent fraud and detection. These services were used the same until the start of 20th century. The accountant should have knowledge of latest methods of accounting, procedures and standards. And they must be proficient in different reporting systems and also should be able to give recommendations to strengthen and improve internal controls. They should have knowledge of monitory units that are international to use in companies and foreign accounts (Wong Venkatraman, 2013). As an accountant or auditor, one should perform financial audits to prevent the fraud in possible situations. As an attorney, one should have knowledge of state and federal laws and different regulations to approve or disprove frauds. They are the expert witnesses to communicate with individuals those who dont have knowledge of accounting. As an investigator, one should get the evidence by investigating to present in court of law and should be able to investigate allegations, complaints, suspected fraud. They must analyse, sort and compare the data to present in the court. The investigators should have relationships with the processing agencies and the team. Some of the forensic accountants will do specialization in forensic analytics, which are the analysis of electronic data to detect or to claim financial fraud (Adeniyi, 2004). The stages in Forensic analytics are Data collection Data analysis Data preparation Reporting Taking example of forensic analytics that is if by analysing the persons purchasing card activity to assess the purchases were diverted or not, the forensic activity is used in invoicing the company or financial activities of a vendor to identify fictitious vendors and the same to the franchisors to identify the fraud and to get erroneous sales reports. In America, an expert witness is required in court proceedings in Federal court who is a forensic accountant to give hearing and give testimony that need data and facts. The data consists of methods and principles of the case. In United Kingdom the proceedings in the court given are unbiased opinion and objective of an expert witness (Albrecht, et al.,2004). Skill The forensic accountant should advance fully to handle all rounded investigations of auditors and investigators, to handle all types of situation and need digital and financial forensic skills. In these days the criminals involved in white collar crimes using computer based to defraud financial matters. In such cases the traditional financial accountant could not trace such crimes (Arnoff Sue, 2001). In some areas, a financial accountant needs to trace e-mails to convict fraud. In this case a certified forensic accountant have to familiarize and expertise with digital training. They are the part of forensic and digital forensic experts. Criminology Psychology Principles and Practice of Accounting Computer and digital Forensics Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting Criminal Investigations Studies on Fraud and Corruption Investigation Law Investigative accounting Fraud Prevention and Detection Forensic Investigation Criminal Investigation Design and Implementation of Preventive Controls Digital Forensics Forensic Accounting Bankruptcy, Assets tracing in Divorce and Money Laundering Cases and Expert witnessing (Nurudeen, 2006) Forensic Accounting Techniques There is a possibility in Forensic accounting involved the following situations, they are Fraud accounting and reports may occur Misallocation of assets Forensic accounting transactions involve review of transactions using document reviews, examining of electronic media and interviews. Since the results of 6 techniques of forensic accounting are time consuming in processing of court reviews of government adjudication there needs to be high evidence and the standards should be maintained in evolving evaluation of forensic accounting. Using interview techniques there can be chance of admitting guilt by the personnel, who are involved in fraud scheme, in the evaluation of forensic accounting. There is another technique, data mining through which entries are stored in databases. There needs to be document reviews involving investigations. The electronic media consists of systems such as telephone system records, computer databases, security system records (Nigrin Mark, 2011). Interview Techniques There needs to be involving interview techniques because the results in interview will be presented to the court of adjudication. The outcome from the interview may be used in legal process for attorney in the auditing (Adenivi, 2004). Generally, the auditors should follow the rules of interview techniques. To control this technique work, some of the factors given below. The timing should be controlled in the interview process so that the time constraints should not be influenced The setting of interview should be controlled to avoid interruptions Involving 2 persons one for taking notes. Interview is conducted at a time to one person There should be formal recording helping in free flow of information Final notes should be prepared and following proper documentation Trying to gather information of persons that isnt included in the crime those who are not suspects As the process of interview proceeded by getting information, further serious interview should be conducted to admit of guilt. The following are the aspects of these type of interviews, they are Getting guilt admission Letting of person to understand that they are lying By using logical approach Trying the approach of Do the right thing Keep asking questions and sometimes keep silence of person Questioning the person for known answers so that lets the person honest Admission of guilty by use of information of such interviews is a part in forensic information (Coglitore Matson, 2011). Data Mining With Computers Data mining process helps the auditor to find the patterns, trends and anomalies present in the data sets. They should investigate, if any unusual matters are found suspicious. One of the aspects in data mining is Meta Data. This is the data about the computer files and programs and in organisation (Wong Venkatraman, 2013). Various Metadata aspects show specific and certain computer file aspects, as the following. Computer file name File creation and modification dates The file size The location of file that is stored and changed The person name involve in file change (Sharma Panigrahi, 2013) Forensic Accountant can detect trail of data, related to the computer files. For example, Meta data can identify the name of person, who changed the ledger. Both date and time are recorded about the use of the ledger and as each transaction is recorded. Meta Data is also used in e-mailing the accounts. Files can be analysed using Meta data in reviewing the computer systems of accounting and can be known that proper review is happened. From this review, misuse of files and accessing of files can be determined (Houck et al, 2006). And can avoid destroying of files in accounting. It can be known that the actual data in usage of files in ledger. There are some patterns in usage of data reviewed by forensic accountants as the following. The unusual patterns used in the data Are there any repeated names and addresses of vendor file The names of vendor that may change in sorting the data or misspelled There may be problem in payments in vendor transactions Multiple payments may be problematic to the same vendors There is a problem in missing data The various vendors with the same name and addresses may be problematic Checking of addresses of vendor to addresses of employee Checking adjustments reclassifications in ledgers There are many other systems in organisations consisting data and most helpful to auditors and they include telephone data, personal computers, servers, pagers, fax machines, digital cameras, scanners, printers, GPS systems and so on (Sharma Panigrahi, 2013). Document Review Strategies One of the key point of evidence in audit is, document review. In forensic accounting special care is needed to deal with documents (Zysman, 2004). Mainly three questions are reviewed in investigation of forensic accounting, they are: How confidential information is handled? How the information is preserved in documents to present in situation in court? Who maintains the audit records? (Sharma Panigrahi, 2013) Some agreements are needed in between parties to the forensic audit in handling the documents, to present in the court proceedings. If they do not handle the documents properly, they can be excluded from the court proceedings. If the documents changed or altered there is a chance of diminishing the quality of the evidence. There might be a chance of compromising, if the documents are not maintained properly. The forensic audit subject is a serious matter, as they may go to adjudication there may have chance to exclude the documents. Imperatively, the forensic audit will move closely with legal counsel in obtaining the documents for audit (Albrecht, 2008). As if the legal process is completed in auditing which is appropriate, the investigation should develop a plan in developing correct documents. In large organisations there might be thousands and millions of documents there for processing which are relevant. There are some issues regarding preparing the plan in submitting the documents. A retention policy for formal records need to be developed. There should be storage to store the documents. The technology of imaging needs to be a part of investigation. There should be a review for employee files, at work There might be a chance of keeping files at the home of employees and it needs to be considered. The chart of an organisation should be examined entirely for auditing. The carbon copy should be maintained. The mediums of storage should be reviewed. The documents of former employees should be retained for the audit. The computer systems with history to the e-mailing should be handled for documents. Outsourcing documents that are important should be given to the vendors. The physical location is also important for the documents. (Zysman, 2013) As there are thousands and millions of documents, there is a chance of disruption in handling the documents and chance to fail in developing correct document review. If the documents exist and if the forensic accountants do not get them, there is chance of failing in the process. For example if the documents are in offsite there might be a chance of failing in the review process (Albrecht et al, 2008). And if the documents are at former employees and are important, should be recovered if not there might be the failure in submitting the documents to the court that can be the failure of audit. So a well plan must be made to develop a correct audit and there also have coordination with counsel. Further Steps After Fraud Detection The Financial Accountant must gather and preserve all the information and evidences to present in the court of law. it should include the investigation of the allegations, complaints and suspected fraud tips. All this information and evidences must sort, compare and analye the data, with respect to the final conclusions (Cho Gaines, 2007). The FA must have decent and healthy working relationship with the prosecuting and investigation agencies. Methodologies The entire report has been developed with an extensive stud of the journals, books, press releases of companies and man online articles, taken from varied sources. Data taken from the above sources has been thoroughly examined and analyzed to build a structured understanding, about, what exactly is forensic accounting, what are its formal methods and legal aspects. The report has been used qualitative data analysis of the journals, real-time case studies analysis and the data collected from various sources. Finally, the entire data is structured and logically sequenced, based on the structure. From the overall understanding of the concept, the final conclusion is made, b data reduction to draw out the skeleton of the report, while meeting the objective and aim of the report. The findings of the research are presented in an analytic induction model. Findings Forensic Accounting is no doubt a significant and vital area and profession that can investigate and find the unlawful financial practices, right from an individual to an organization. The key point found and explored about the roles of the Financial Accountant is to extract the data that is not lawful and with bad intent. Eventually, the role is vital and demands profound expertise in the field of financial accounting, since it demands profound digital and computer knowledge as well as the federal laws, like lawyers. They need the local as well as the international laws and monetary units of business, since todays corporate businesses cross the boundaries easily. They also should possess the skills of people management, since they have to deal with the people of different industries and professions as they have to interview, discuss with them to extract the data, relevant to their objectives. They should make use of various accounting techniques, as they have to explore and apply di fferent techniques and methods at various stages and circumstances, in order to grab the result that they look for. Though they should have strong and profound expertise in digital and computer financial accounting and federal laws, they also should have the basic and fair knowledge and skills in the other fields, such as forensic investigation, expert witnessing, criminal investigation, corporate business operations, computer and digital forensics and many relevant fields. After the preparation of the data and reports, the Financial Accountant must submit the evidences, as per the formats defined and needed for the court of law, since these formats demand and usually, unique for different jurisdictions, states, countries and internationally. Discussion from Findindgs The roles of the Financial Accounting and so the Financial Accountants are more relevant to the investigation of the corruptions and crimes involved in the financial operations, right from the individuals to the huge corporate organizations. Financial Accounting extracts the criminal conduct evidences and assists in the rebuttal or determination of the claimed damages and assists to protect as well as the assets recovery. It enables the co-ordination of the other professionals and experts, such as forensic document examiners, private investigators and consulting engineers. Expert witness can be provided by the Forensic Accounting and Accountant with formulation of the acts with regards to the financials. Finally the documents presented after investigation become to the key to refute or support the claim. The process starts with leaving the audit trail by the forensic auditors, to carry out the digital forensic investigation and the process and final report is completed by the Financial Accountant and finally, the conclusion is made, whether the final report is in support to the client or in rebut to the opponent of the client and the conclusions are final verdicts are declared by the authorities of the federal laws. Conclusion Financial accounting is a fraud detection method and it is quite useful for the businesses and investigate an possible flaws and frauds in the financial statement processes and reports. Forensic accountancy and so the forensic accountant provides various services, right from creating a macro picture to extract every possible investigation method. Financial accountant has to be multi-skilled, as, he or she needs to be proficient with the technological methods for investigation as well as all legal and federal policies of the legal and illegal aspects of managing and presenting the data. Financial accountant needs to adapt various techniques to detect every possible fraud in data handling and presenting, and the quality and accuracy of the investigation are based on how effectively they are used. The final outcome and result of the investigation depends on each and every step taken to complete the investigation and presentation of the evidences to the court of law (Albrecht, 2008). References AccountingCoach. (2004). CPA requirements. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from AccountingCoach, https://www.accountingcoach.com/careers/cpa-requirements Adefila, J.J. (2008). Research Methodology in Behavioural Sciences, Kaduna, Aprni Publication Adeniyi, A.A. (2004). Auditing and Investigation Lagos, El-Toda Ventures Limited Albrecht, C. C. (2008). Detectlets: A New Approach to Fraud Detection. In European Academy of Management at Ljubljana, Slovenia. Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C. C., Albrecht, C. O., Zimbelman, M. (2009). Fraud Examination (3). SouthWestern Cengage Learning. Albrecht, W. S., Albrecht, C., Albrecht, C. C. (2008). Current Trends in Fraud and its Detection. Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective, 17(1) Anderson, N. L. (2012). Financial fraud is growing, post Madoff. Forbes. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/financialfinesse/2012/06/07/financial-fraud-is-back-stronger-than-madoff/#221ce8b5224c Arnoff, N.B and Sue, C.J. (2001). Forensic Accountants Role and Expert before and during Trial New York Journal, 226 Benny, K. B. Kwok,(2008), Forensic Accountancy 1st and 2nd editionspublished by LexisNexis. Charrier E., Pelisse J., Conventions at Work: on Forensic Accountants Intermediation ESEEN, 2012, 14(1), 31. Cho, W. K. T., Gaines, B. J. (2007). Breaking the (Benford) Law: Statistical Fraud Detection in Campaign Finance. The American Statistician, 61(3), 218223. Cicchella, Denise (2005).Construction audit guide: overview, monitoring, and auditing. Altamonte Springs, FL: IIA Research Foundation. Coglitore, F. J., Matson, D. M. (2007). The Use of ComputerAssisted Auditing Techniques in the Audit Course: Further Evidence. Journal of Forensic Accounting, VIII, 201226. Hermanson, D. R., Moran, B., Rossie, C. S., Wolfe, D. T. (2006). Continuous Monitoring of Transactions to Reduce Fraud, Misuse, and Errors. Journal of Forensic Accounting, VII, 1730. Courlber, J.L. (2004). Forensic Accountants: The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOA), and Audit Standards The Forensic Examiner, Vol. 13, No. 2. Crumbley, D. Larry; Heitger, Lester E.; Smith, G. Stevenson (2005).Forensic and Investigative Accounting.CCH Group. DiGabriele, J. A., Huber, W. D. (2015). Topics and methods in forensic accounting research. Accounting Research Journal, 28(1), 98-114. doi:10.1108/ARJ-08-2014-0071 Eze, J.C. (2005). Principles and Practices of Auditing; Enugu, J.T.C Publishers Hawkins Priday Ltd. (2016). New figures show a major increase in financial fraud in first half of 2016 - article Hereford: Hawkins Priday. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from https://www.hawkinspriday.co.uk/news/business-news/archive/article/2016/September/new-figures-show-a-major-increase-in-financial-fraud-in-first-half-of-2016 Houck M., Kranacher, M., Moris B., Robertson, J. (2006). Forensic Accounting as an Investigative Tool: Developing and Model Curriculum for Fraud and Forensic Accounting (ethnics) The CPA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 5 Imoniana, J. O., Antunes, M. T. P., Formigoni, H. (2013). the forensic accounting and corporate fraud. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management: JISTEM, 10(1), 119-144. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from https://gateway.library.qut.edu.au/login?url=https://search.proquest.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/docview/1440823934?accountid=13380 Jenfa, B.I. (2002). Internal Control and Fraud Prevention: Accountant perspective Journal of ANAN, Vol. 10, No. 4 Krell, E. (2002). Will Forensic Accounting go Mainstream? Business Finance Journal, October Vol. 8. No. 5 Michael, B. (2004). Forensic Accounting: Its Positively Ancient, Rosenfrab, M K Publisher. Nigrini, Mark (2011).Forensic Analytics: Methods and Techniques for Forensic Accounting Investigations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons Inc. Nurudeen, A.A. (2006). Role of the Accountancy Profession in Tacking Fraud Journal of ANAN, Vol. 10, No. 4 Parr, Russell L., Smith, Gordon V. (2010).Intellectual property: valuation, exploitation, and infringement damages. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp.Chapter 33 Sharma, A., Panigrahi, P. K. (2013). A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques. doi:10.5120/4787-7016 Wong, S., Venkatraman, S. (2015). Financial accounting fraud detection using business intelligence. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(11), 1187-1207. Zysman, A. (2004). Forensic Accounting Demystified, World Investigators Network Standard Practice for Investigative and Forensic Accounting Engagements.

Writing Literary Works Essay Example For Students

Writing Literary Works Essay Works Literature, what is it? Well, the glossary of our handy fifth edition ofIntro to Reading and Writing states that it is a written or oral compositionthat tells stories, dramatize situations, express emotion and analyzes andadvocates ideas. How does the author accomplish all this? By using tools likeplot, setting, characters, and their very own tone and style. Some authors writeand base their works on passed events that at one time or another happened tothem. Others though have to use their imagination and that makes things morecomplicated, because he or she has to come up with the characters and thesetting. In other words everything necessary for a story. In the other hand theauthors that witness an event would probably use the names of the actual peopleand the setting where the event took place. Now even though everyone hasdifferent ways of coming up with the material for a story they all use the sametools. We will write a custom essay on Writing Literary Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, the different ways and styles are what make all the differencebetween the best sellers and just another good story. Some authors get theirideas from just regular every day life, while others go out and make thingshappen. They go out seeking material involving people or better I should sayentities, like a force of nature maybe, these entities conflict with each otherthus causing dramatic situations of some sort. The writer takes all the conflictand action occurring and makes some kind of sequence. It is required in order toform a pattern or a storyline; this is called the skeleton or structure of thestory. Many authors use what is called a formal structure, which includes theexposition, necessary information to better understand the story and alsodetails about the characters. Following the exposition is the complication, amajor conflict where the author has the characters try to resolve a crises orsituation. When the crisis reaches a turning point it is called the climax ofthe story. Shortly after the climax the crises is resolved and the story comesto an end. To express emotion the author has to use yet another tool known asthe setting. This helps the reader visualize a picture in his or her mind of howand when the story is taking place. The setting is usually stated on theexposition section of the formal structure type plot. Now if every author wouldput the setting in the same spot or use the same structure, well reading wouldquickly become very boring. So authors, sometimes without even knowing develop acertain style of writing. They make changes in the plot using flashbacks on thecharacters and alterations in the settings making every story different formeach other. These styles of writing are developed in what is called the authorsrealm. It comprises of a number of things like where the author lives. Also whathis or her social standing in society is and even the authors gender affectsthe realm. Whichever way the material for a story is acquired and developed isup to the authors, it is up to us the reader to enjoy them over and over or juststore them. These were only a few examples of how literature comes about andwhat it is, but the possibilities are endless.

Intro to Afro American Studies Essays - African Slave Trade

Intro to Afro American Studies Essays - African Slave Trade October 15, 2015 Intro to Afro American Studies Bi-Weekly Essay #3 What are some of the similarities and differences in practices of self-determination of Africans in the U.S. and their counterparts throughout the hemisphere? Abstract: Both Africans in the Western Hemisphere and Africans in the United States practiced self-determination. They practiced self-determination in many ways such as marronage and quilombismo as a means to bring African people together to determine their own statehoods and form their own allegiances. Africans used their difference to fight one another rather than uniting themselves in the 18th and 19th century. However, Africans began to realize that if they wanted to conquer enslavement they would have to overcome the dominating social structure. The Africans in the Western hemisphere used the knowledge passed down from their griots when practicing self-determination. They did this more often than the Africans in the U.S. because they underestimated them and they were uneducated for a while. Africans in the U.S. were more aware of what was happening around them versus the other parts of the world. Although, Africans were divided by suffering from the injustice of slavery. they we re able to preserve their culture and use such as their means to resist. Critical Review of Scholarship: To begin answering this question, I will use the information provided during lectures as well as the readings. One of sources is coming from Black Self Determination: A Cultural History of the Faith of Fathers. This source will be used to elaborate on what self-determination is and how it evolved. The second source is Quilombismo: An Afro-Brazilian Political Alternative. This source will be used to further elaborate on what quilombismo is and how it effective in helping the African race as a whole in the practice of self-determination. Another source I will use to elaborate on marronage is the Black Movements in America by Cedric Robinson. My other evidence will come from class lectures and Dr.Carr particularly from the human social organization and their influence over people and nations. Discussion: To completely understand the practices of self-determination within the African community, you have to define what self-determination is. Self Determination is the uniqueness of culture (Dr.Carr). It is the process by which a person or group controls their own life, decides their own statehood and forms their own allegiances. (Franklin P., V. Black Self Determination: A Cultural History of the Faith of the Fathers. Southern Historical Association, 1986. Print.) From the small movements such as spiritual and secular slave songs, the Federal Writers Project and addresses in front of the Congress have demonstrated what self-determination means in the African community. The Western Hemisphere Africans and the U.S. Africans used maroonage to practice e self-determination. Maroonage was a common way Africans resisted throughout the hemisphere. Maroon is a based word from the Spanish culture. Maroons are small private communities that served as a safe refuge for runaway slaves and indentured servants. (Robinson, Cedric J. Black Movements in America. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print.) They were fugitive communities where escapees went. These maroons gave slaves hope of a community where they could have a new home and are apart of a safe haven to rebuild their families. Unfortunately these maroons never lasted so long because of the pressure it created on the Europeans. Regardless of the hardships of slavery, Africans did not let anyone take their culture from them. Their culture is what kept them dehumanized. Abolition always followed the Blacks regardless of where they were from. Because the Africans seemed less than the Europeans, the Africans wanted to create something to become equal with the higher powers. They combined their religion to create Afro Catholicism in hopes in acceptance of their religion to become equal as the Europeans. North Americans began practicing Afro Christianity as a means of resistance and a way Africans could gather publically. Quilombismo significance was the value in the tactics and strategies of survival, resistance and progress of African communities in contemporary Brazil (Nascimento Do, Abdias. Quilombismo: An Afro- Brazilian Political Alternative. Journal of Black Studies, 1980. Print.) Quilombismo revealed itself as a factor capable of mobilizing the Black masses in a disciplined manner when the Afro-Brazilians registered the quilombist concept. Quilombismo is in a constant process

7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels

7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels 7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels 7 Solutions for Sentences with Problematic Parallels By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"The street is lined with boisterous sports bars, nail salons, and clothing boutiques. Some neighborhood, where nail salons and clothing boutiques can be described as boisterous. Do I misunderstand? I do, because when only the first of several items in a list is given an adjective, it is easily confused as applying to each item in the list. Either omit the adjective, or play fair and supply each item with its own: â€Å"The street is lined with elegant nail salons, trendy clothing boutiques, and boisterous sports bars.† 2. â€Å"The process would be confidential, voluntary, and the information would remain the property of the teachers.† The same rule applies for verbs. Either use a verb to apply to all items in a list, or attach a verb to each item. Or, in this case, combine the first two items into a combined item: â€Å"The process would be confidential and voluntary, and the information would remain the property of the teachers.† 3. â€Å"The so-called beer summit was photographed, discussed, and dissected on blogs, newscasts, and in barbershops and bars nationwide.† Let’s not forget prepositions. In a list, one preposition carries each item, or each has its own; there’s no middle ground: â€Å"The so-called beer summit was photographed, discussed, and dissected on blogs, during newscasts, and in barbershops and bars nationwide.† (For variety, try to use a different preposition for each item.) 4. â€Å"It would be safer to keep our bushy tree trimmed so that no would-be burglar could hide under it and buy a locked mailbox to help prevent identity theft.† Infinitives want equal standing, too. The original sentence implies that the would-be burglar might buy a locked mailbox after hiding under the bushy tree. The addition of a parallel infinitive after the conjunction linking the two parts of a sentence arrests this infelicity: â€Å"It would be safer to keep our bushy tree trimmed so that no would-be burglar could hide under it and to buy a locked mailbox to help prevent identity theft.† 5. â€Å"Legislation is often to blame, not because legislators are bad people but often they act on partial or misleading information.† Two reasons, one invalid and the other valid, are supplied in this sentence. Set them up separately, each with its own because: â€Å"Legislation is often to blame, not because legislators are bad people but because they often act on partial or misleading information.† 6. â€Å"The location features stifling heat, bacteria, polluted seas, lice, and bad cuisine.† If you’re going to modify one or most nouns in a list, go all the way and precede each with a pertinent adjective: â€Å"The location features stifling heat, gut-wrenching bacteria, polluted seas, itchy lice, and bad cuisine.† 7. â€Å"The afflictions are believed to include autism and learning and hyperactivity disorders.† Is learning a stand-alone item, or does disorders apply to it as well as to hyperactivity? You don’t know until you get to the end of the sentence, when it’s too late. The inclusion of a comma after autism prevents a stumble, and inserting â€Å"as well as† helps link the two remaining list items: â€Å"The afflictions are believed to include autism, as well as learning and hyperactivity disorders.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Body Parts as Tools of Measurement50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Civil War Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil War - Term Paper Example The civil war was also a morality issue. Most stories of the civil war are depicted from the eyes and viewpoint of the whites, either Northern or Southern white people. There are not many books detailing the war from the perspective of the African-American slaves at that time and their roles in the civil war. They had certainly made big contributions to the ultimate victory of the North but these were mostly either not given prominence or just glossed over to a certain extent. The previous kind of master narratives viewed the US civil war as mainly among the white themselves. This paper attempts to explore a narrative within this master narrative. It will detail in the following pages how the issue of slavery took a decisive role in the ultimate victory of the North because of the help from the black slaves who took great risks to choose their freedom. Moreover, this paper will also try to explain and demolish some of the myths surrounding the role of the blacks in the civil war at i ts most crucial moments when the outcome of the war had hung in the balance (no pun intended). Finally, this paper also talks about how slavery in America really indeed, with the wits and guile of an obscure general named Butler. Discussion The US civil war started when eleven Southern states declared their secession from the United States of America and formed the Confederate States of America. The core of the issue was slavery but even the newly-elected Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, did not call for its outright abolition. In fact, he was very careful to tread on this sensitive issue and declared only that slavery should not be allowed to expand into other states. In other words, slavery will remain in those states where slavery already existed. However, Southern whites took umbrage at this declaration which they considered to be a threat to their way of life that was based on slave labor. The larger narrative of the civil war was that Pres. Lincoln did not take direct st eps to abolish slavery precisely to avoid war and preserve the Union. Lincoln gave this reassurance because he knew there will no winners or losers in civil war; there will only be losers on both sides. His phronesis (practical wisdom) and training as a lawyer gave him the ability to weigh several options but all based on constitutionality. But as the South declared hostilities and as the war progressed, his position took a hardline stance as he knew the issue of slavery will rear its ugly head once again if allowed to continue. This issue will never rest until it is extinguished completely and one sure way to do that was win the war decisively. His ultimate objective was to preserve the Union at all costs but somehow later down the road, also find justification for abolishing slavery through legal means. Pres. Lincoln was in a serious quandary as the US Constitution had guaranteed rights to slavery for those states who wanted it (McPherson, 1996, p. 100). He was also personally aga inst slavery and abhorred its practices and evil inhumanity to fellow human beings but he could not just prosecute the war to its bitter end and present it as a war against slavery. There has to be some other solution and it came from a newly-appointed general named Benjamin Franklin Butler; he was a lawyer by profession and given the rank of major general. The narrative –

Johnstown Flood Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johnstown Flood - Research Paper Example It goes without saying that the Johnstown Flood was both a human and economic tragedy. More than 2,200 Americans were killed in this flood and it caused a huge economic damage amounting to $17 million (Foote 94). One peculiar thing about Johnstown Flood was that it turned out to be the first of its kind disaster relief operation that was handled by the American Red Cross, under the leadership of Clara Barton. Not to mention that the support for these relief operation emanated from across the United States of America and many foreign countries. International Red Cross to begin with was essentially meant to be a battlefield relief organization that was designed to provide help and relief to the victims of wars (Ritter 15). The American Red Cross in consonance with the spirit of its parent organization, also primarily intended to be a war relief organization (Ritter 15). The founder of the American Red Cross that is Clara Barton though had some experience in the battlefield relief opera tions during the American Civil War, it was her heartfelt belief that the American Red Cross could also evolve to be a major instrument of help during the peace time catastrophes and disasters (Ritter 15). In that sense the Johnstown flood came as an opportunity for the American Red Cross to extend help, aid and relief to the victims of an unprecedented peace time disaster. Thereby, the role played by Clara Barton in these relief operations does deserve a salient mention. The 67 year old founder of the American Red Cross determinedly rushed to the scene of disaster, once she came to know of it (Burton 118). She not only helped organize the requisite supplies and material donations, but also beckoned the friends, acquaintances and the citizens of America to accompany her in this relief cause (Burton 118). As it happens in most of the relief operations, the American Red Cross did not act alone to extend relief and help. Before Barton and her crew arrived on the scene, a group of dedic ated Johnstown residents had already initiated a relief operation intended at taking care of a number of local necessities like clean up and repairs, food distribution, restoring the local government, arranging the necessary supplies, etc (Douglas 336). Help and funds poured in from various sectors and voluntary organizations like citizen groups, The Children’s Aid Society, Yellow Cross, and foreign relief organizations (Douglas 336). The primary contribution of the American Red Cross was that it extended the emergency relief and help to the impacted people, before more permanent and elaborate relief distribution could be initiated and organized by the government and voluntary organizations. The role played by the American Red Cross was not merely limited to the immediate aftermath of this disaster, but rather happened to be prolonged, dealing with the provision of shelter and household supplies to the victims (Johnstown Flood Museum 1). Going by the fact that at the time of Johnstown Flood, the American Red Cross was not the exclusive local chapter of the International Red Cross, the organization did much to help and aid the survivors of this disaster (Johnstown Flood Museum 1). It helped nearly 25,000 people and distributed goods and supplies worth $211,000 (Johnstown Flood Museum 1). The American Red Cross also built the Red Cross Hotels that sheltered large

The Ideal Old Man Essay Example for Free

The Ideal Old Man Essay The initial reason for designing and constructing the Maglev vehicles was to create a car that could both carry a high number of people in a quick amount of time, and be the most cost efficient. Unfortunately for me, a high number of people would not be able to squeeze into my car. A slow, yet steady and comfortable pace made it quite obvious that my car was not in the upper echelon of the class. Instead however, it found its own identity as being ideal for an old man. Freedom rides through the countryside would be this cars specialty. In preparation for our upcoming project, we first watched a video on modern day Maglev vehicles. In the video we learned about the theories of magnets and electricity working together to form a high-speed vehicle. We learned about the futuristic possibilities of traveling from New York to Washington (without spilling your coffee) in relatively short time. The main purpose of a Maglev vehicle is for mass transportation in a quick amount of time. After we were introduced to the Maglev vehicle in the video, we proceeded to the computer lab to peruse the Internet. On the Internet, we found a variety of current Maglev vehicles. We got to check out the various speeds and performances that these particular vehicles had. In the making are some more elite types of Maglev vehicles. Perhaps someday in the near future, there will be a Maglev line running through our very own town. It was now time to plan out a strategy on the design of my car. The very first thing I sketched out was how wide the track was. A car any wider than the track would obviously not be able to run. Also, the magnets had to be a little more than an inch separated apart or else the magnets would not function properly. My completed sketch was a relatively small car that would be able to fit approximately 7-10 passengers at a time. One motor was supposed to rest on the top of the rear end and act as a propeller. Once my advisor approved my sketch, I looked for the proper materials in making my vehicle. The first thing I found was the material for my body. A light Styrofoam material was perfect for the design of my car. I cut out the proper design and also placed a shield of protection on it. Once the basic body was established, I found a base made of a hard light plastic. The plastic was easy to cut so that the contours of my base would match that of the car. Once I had my body and my base all set, I needed to install the ingredient that makes it all happen, the magnets. You could not just plug the magnets on the base in any sort of arrangement that you want. The magnets have to be placed on in rows approximately one inch apart. Also, the magnets (once they are placed on) must repel the force given off of the track so that the Maglev vehicle can float. After the magnets were carefully put on, it was time to install the motor system. The motor system consisted of one motor, two wires, and a propeller. The two wires would touch the side of the Maglev track and generate power inside the motor, which would turn the propeller. Once my motor system was installed, I was ready to test out my product on the track. Something was wrong. Placing my vehicle on the track was no different than trying to drive a car while it is elevated, the motor was humming but it wasnt moving an inch. Upon observation, I concluded that my car had too much weight pushing down on the magnetic track. The one thing I could do was to hollow out the insides of the Styrofoam, which would reduce much of the weight. Well, that didnt do too much. So I continued to chop away at the body of my car. Each crucial chop eliminated the passenger rate of my vehicle. Eventually the weight balanced out when my vehicle totaled the passenger rate of 1. 5. Saddened by the loss of passenger space, I was happy to see that my vehicle could at least move. My vehicle was now completed. All it needed was a purple colored body, and a beautiful purple baseball No. 4 for good luck. A cheap car to build, it only cost a shade over $57 million ($50 million going into labor). Measurements concluded that a mere 1. 5 passengers could jam into my cars tight surroundings. With the knowledge of my car being a one man wrecking crew I tested it on the track to see how much speed my puppy could burn. Once the results came in, it was time to label my Maglev car ideal for the old man. A respectable average speed of 4. 75, my car will not pass the board of transportations expectations. However, if the time comes for personal Maglev use in the future, people can come to either me or Q. Some controversy was brought up in aspects to the motor. A more efficient gold motor was placed on some of the other vehicles, and showed that they performed at a higher speed. Would my car have broken record speeds with this gold motor? Although my car would not have passed the expectations of the Maglev transportation theories, I did learn a lot about how electricity and magnets can work together. I learned that the Maglev is a mode of transportation for the future. A low (if not zero) pollution percentage, a Maglev would be ideal to the ozone. I found it amazing how the vehicles actually float down the track. The main problem for me was the weight factor. For some reason, I wasnt able to carry a space wide enough to fit any more than two passengers. Speculation could lead to bad magnet placement on the bottom. If I could do it again, I would design a car that distributes the weight more evenly throughout the base so I could fit more passengers. I would also look into purchasing the gold motor for higher velocity. I thought it was a fun project and I recommend it to future generations of classes.

Oxygen Essay -- essays research papers

Oxygen Oxygen, symbol O, colorless, odorless, tasteless, slightly magnetic gaseous element. On earth, oxygen is more abundant than any other element. Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by the British chemist Joseph Priestley and, independently, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele; it was shown to be an elemental gas by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier in his classic experiments on combustion. Large amounts of oxygen are used in high-temperature welding torches, in which a mixture of oxygen and another gas produces a flame of much higher temperature than is obtained by burning gases in air. Oxygen is administered to patients whose breathing is impaired and also to people in aircraft flying at high altitudes, where the poor oxygen concentration cannot support normal respiration. Oxygen-enriched air is used in open-hearth furnaces for steel manufacture. Most of the oxygen produced in the United States is used to make a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called synthesis gas, used for the synthesis of methanol and ammonia. High-purity oxygen is used also in the metal- fabrication industries; in liquid form it is of great importance as a propellant for guided missiles and rockets2. I have chosen the element "Oxygen" because without Oxygen, human beings would not be able to live. Oxygen is probably the single most important element...

Electronic mail will out perform the regular Postal Service Essay

New technologies have always allowed us to do things faster, more efficiently and more professionally than ever before. Generally, every new technology is a step forward for speed and productivity. The speed, usage, reliability, and expense make electronic mail more desirable than our general postal system. The speed of transfer is an important part of the decision to send mail by either E-Mail or Postal System. E-mail has a distinct advantage in this category. With the click of a button, ones message is sent. Whether you are sending an e-mail to a person across the street or to Afghanistan, the transfer rate is virtually the same. The Postal Delivery System takes from two days to two weeks to deliver even the smallest package. Depending on the locations of the sender and the receiver, even sending a letter to the house across the street takes unnecessary time. Another variable aspect of the two mail systems is ease-of-use. E-Mail has advantages when viewed from this angle. For one thing, E-Mail has no limitations on pick up or delivery. Anyone who wishes to use E-Mail may do so on his or her own leisure. When receiving letters from the Post Office waiting is a major inconvenience, taking time out of the person’s day. In addition, writing a letter by hand often allows room for error. The E-Mail user also has to pay a monthly fee for an internet account, generally ranging from eight dollars to twenty-five dollars per month, and the user may send unlimited E-mails. Local Post Offices charge for envelops and packaging material. The cost of a stamp is thirty-seven cents for each letter. This cost adds up when mailing three to four letters a day. Reliability of E-Mail far outweighs the Postal System. Because a computer network runs e-mail, human error is unlikely. Consequently, E-Mail is usually transferred to the correct address; it is never lost, stolen, and its contents are never removed or damaged. On the other hand, the Postal System has more problems. Since humans deliver the envelopes, error is very  common. Letters are often delivered to the wrong address creating delay for the intended recipitant. In addition, dishonest postal workers have stolen checks and other items out of packages. When choosing how to mail letters, think about the most used system in the world of today. E-Mail is a system that rarely looses or damages letters, and offers fair and low rates. Even though the Postal System offers low rates, the speed and safety of delivery is sacrificed due to unqualified and dishonest employees. E-Mail is instant, cheaper, and most reliable way to send letters.

Listing and Speaking

Skill Development: Fear of public speaking http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=a56v2PSUQy8&feature=related Proactive = controlling a situation by making things happen or by preparing for possible future problems Myth = an idea or story that is believed by many people but that is not true Come across = to make a particular impression Overwhelming = something that is so confusing or difficult Optimal = best or most effectiveProfound = major, significant Intimate = having a very close relationship Overcompensating = trying to make up for something that is lacking or bad by doing too much of something else Rehearse = to say or do (something) several times in order to practice Backfire = to have the opposite result of what was desired or expected Interpretation: Keys to Successful Interpreting: Consecutive Interpretation Note-taking http://www. youtube. om/watch? v=ddRk2pvzsVQ Rambling = lengthy Incomprehensible = beyond your understanding Furiously = rapidly Decipher = make sense of Scribb le = scrawl = jot down Groping around = searching blindly or uncertainly Consign = transfer Delegate = a person who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization at a meeting or conference Encapsulate = summarizeHindrance = obstacle Politics: Palestine http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=qANkb5hUUfo Resolution = decision |Contend = argue | |Confrontation = conflict |Negotiate = discuss | |Implicit = hidden |Accountability = responsibility | |Partition = separation |Demolish = destroy | |envisage = imagine |Get away with = escape | |Territory = area |To be held accountable = held responsible | |Disputed = undecided |swirling = twisting | Linguistics: Language acquisition http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=pmsQJfyVrr0&feature=related instinctively = intuitively |species = basic category of biological classification | |isolate = separate |defect = a shortcoming, fault, or imperfection | |multitude = large number |mutation = change or alteration | |cognitive = mental |disorder = a disturbanc e in physical or mental health or functions | |breakthrough = sudden discovery |version = a particular form or variant of something | Technology India Launches World's CheapestTablet Computer for 50$ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=oQXQVuaJ43o;feature=related sneak peek = an opportunity to see something before it is officially available gadget = small device or machine with a particular purpose port = in computers: a data connection in a computer to which a peripheral device or a transmission line from a remote terminal can be attached. HD= high definition = a system which produces very good quality television images in greater detail than ordinary systemsDebate: How to Change http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=zSb5BmIfNhI maverick |unconventional person | |entrepreneur |capitalist | |leap |jump | |rash |reckless | |enhance |improve | |attribute |quality | |philanthropy |charity | Religion and Culture convert |change | |committed |devoted | |preach |give a sermon | |polish |improve | |by the stack |a great deal | |unequivocally |clearly | |manuscript |document | |authentic |true – original |salvation |saving | |embrace |accept | Positive Psychology How to be Happy: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ilry-1-ucnA;feature=related pursue = continue elusive = hard to find fugitive = difficult to get evolutionary = gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form ingrained = very difficult to change propensity = a strong natural tendency to do something mechanism = a process or system that is used to produce a particular result o endure = to continue going through something unpleasant sustain = to provide what is needed for (something or someone) to exist hedonic treadmill = the tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness genetic set point = baseline habituating = make or become accustomed or used to something. hard wired = functions that are innate and unlearned in living s ystems lottery savoring = enjoying mindfulness = being aware of fruition = realization virtues = good and moral behavior analogy = a comparison of two things sensation = a particular feeling or effect that your body experiences cultivate = to improve or develop

Lifespan of Adults of Dementia in Developed Countries Compared to Developing Countries

Lifespan of Adults of Dementia in Developed Countries Compared to Developing Countries Introduction Background Information Aging of the world’s population, along with the fast-growing life expectancy, results in increased expenditures spent on health care services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lifespan of Adults of Dementia in Developed Countries Compared to Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Older age is closely associated with high rates of chronic diseases. In this respect, dementia is considered to have had a serious impact on the quality of life, as well as on the economic burden that family should take. At the current moment, dementia treatment refers to advanced medicine and novel approaches to cope with the increasing number of cases. However, the ineffectiveness of treating dementia has a negative impact on life expectancy in aging societies. The global trends in aging undergo significant changes due to the influence of external factors, including economic , political and social challenges. This is of particular concern to the evident difference in the distribution of adults with dementia in developing and developed economies. The recent explorations of the problem have indicated the tangible impact of environmental factors on dementia development (Prince, 2000). In particular, because the mental disorder is considered a significant problem in the developed world with increased rates of aging population, it has considerably higher rates in the developing economies. The evident distinctions, as well as demographic transitions, have negative consequence for the dementia spread among the developing world’s population. The research studies by Wang et al. (2008) have recently discovered that dementia is the core reason for economic burden among the aging population in developing countries. Such a situation is explained by insufficient education, as well as poor health care services tailored to the patients’ demands. Attention should also be given to the cross-cultural survey of people with dementia in the third world. Research studies in such developing regions as Latin American, Africa, China, and Southeast Asia are indispensible to define how lack of education, poor health care network, and community perception affect dementia diagnosing (Prince et al., 2003). Considering culturally and economically sensitive environments of the developing countries is vital for evaluating the differences in incidence and prevalence of the disease among the identified populations. Purpose of the Research Although the developed world recognizes dementia as a serious threat to the aging population and overall demographics, little comparative analysis has been done on the assessment of the situation in both developing and developed worlds to define what external and internal processes influenced the lifespan of adults with dementia.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is of particular concern to such issues as cultural diversity, economic impact, political situation and education serving as the comparative tools of the analysis. Therefore, the purpose of the research lies in defining what underpinnings influence greater lifespan of people with dementia in developed region, as compared to the developing world. Main Discussion Influence of Dementia on Life Expectancy Numerous researches have been dedicated to the analysis of the connection between dementia and life expectancy. In this respect, Xie (2008) states, People with dementia have markedly decreased survival rates compared with those without dementia and are two to four times more likely to die at a given age than those of the same age without dementia (p. 259). Even minor cognitive disorders can have a negative impact on the survival mechanisms of individuals and, therefore, it has direct relation to the risk of mortality. The degrees of mortality of people suffering from dementia are largely predetermined by such characteristics as sex, age, demographic characteristics, type of dementia, and genetic information. Higher risks of mortality are observed among older people (Xie, 2008). Gender characteristics are considered less important in defining the impact of dementia on life expectancy. The studies produced by Routree et al. (2012) have also provided evidence concerning the strong dependence between greater probability of dementia disorder among males of older age and slower pre-progression rate. The evident connection between the age of the patients and survival rates explains the survival mechanisms and the necessary health care assistance. Within this context, the lifespan rates among the patients will largely depend on economic and political realms within which these patients are placed (Waring et al., 2005). In this respect, the overall impact of dementia is closely associated with the quality of health insurance, economic and social conditions under which the individuals are treated. Analysis of Economic Aspects Influencing the Lifespan of People with Dementia in Developing and Developed Countries On the one hand, the previously discussed studies point to the direct influence of age on life of people with the disease. On the other hand, the survival probability can significantly be increased with the introduction of advanced technologies, medication, and quality of health care delivery. In this respect, Kalaria et al. (2008) have defined that, although mortality rates predetermined by poverty, communicable diseases, and human conflicts, number of individuals with dementia have augmented in the developing world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lifespan of Adults of Dementia in Developed Countries Compared to Developing Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current evidence suggests that age-predetermined dementia observed in individuals under the age of 65 is higher in such developing regions as Latin America and Asia than in India and sub-Saharan Africa (Kalaria et al, 2008). Moreover, education is considered the decisive factor in development of the disease because illiteracy increases the potential risk for dementia emergence. Rapid expansion of patients with dementia in the developing countries is strongly associated with the financial resources invested in treatment and prevention schemes. In particular, the costs spent on treating dementia in the developing countries reach about $ 73 billion annually (Kalaria et al, 2008). However, the actual care demands for social protection are much higher than the actual budgeting. Therefore, lack of sufficient financing in developing economies constitutes the core reason for the increased rates of dementia among patients, as well as their shorter level of life expectancy (Rooij et al., 2011). As a result, greater demand for residential care should be introduced in the future to prevent the expansion. In contrast to the economic environment in developing countries influencing dementia treatment, the developed world manages to spend significant part of financial resources to cope with the problem (Rooij et al., 2011; Xie, 2008). However, provided aging has become the major challenge for dementia development, the prosperous economies can face serious problems in dealing with the patients suffering from the disorder. Greater ratios of older people in the developed world, therefore, can prevail in number over the ratio of older people in the developing countries. To enlarge on the issue, Wehling and Groth (2011) have introduced the statistics counting, â€Å"†¦number of people aged 65 years and above will grow from 600 million to 2 billion (increase of 330 %) and the 80+ generation will increase by more than 400 % from 105 million to 400 million† (pp. 275-276). Therefore, the increase in lif e expectancy levels presupposed by the socioeconomic progress explains the ratio of older people in the developed world. However, these improvements contrast with the rapid decrease in birth rates. In case the established pace of life expectancy continues growing in the course of the 21st century, most children born in 2000 are likely to reach the age of 100 (Wehling Groth, 2011). Such statistics is worsened by the decline of the youth ratio. For instance, Japan has one of the highest rates of life longevity in the world.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Education as the Threshold Identifying Lifespan of Individuals with Dementia in Developing and Developed Countries According to Prince et al. (2003), â€Å"low levels of education, literacy, and numeracy can result in cognitively unimpaired people screening positive for dementia† (p. 909). In educational terms, sensitive screening techniques do not allow to define arithmetical ability, as well as the level of writing and reading skills. However, the screening instruments can be applied to various cultural circumstances. For example, it is possible to introduce interview formats that do not relate to educational realm. It should also be stressed that lack of education in developing region does not indicate the higher risk of dementia. Rather, the low indices of educational activities do not contribute to appropriate diagnosing of the disease. Therefore, the developing region should be more concerned with the development of new technological devices that can improve the situati on. With regard to the above-presented research studies, developing economies should give specific attention to education as a decisive factor in determining the quality of diagnosing, which later complicates to define advanced from of the disorder. Such a situation can also be a reason for shorter lifespan of people with dementia. In particular, the research evidence shows that Shanghai citizens defined that the mortality levels for dementia, particularly for people over the age of 75, had similar mortality indices as people suffering from cancer (Kalaria et al., 2008). In India, the average rate for survival among the patients equals to 3.3 years in developing countries, which is much lower than in developed regions where the lifespan of adult individuals with dementia reaches 9 years (Kalaria et al., 2008). In addition, high mortality rates have been identified in African region; in particular, the relative risk ratio amounts to less than 3 years. The studies by Kalaria et al. (2 008) have been defined that Asian ad Latin American regions are the leading ones in terms of the dementia prevalence. However, aging groups of population reveal lower ratio of adults with dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa and India. In this respect, it can be concluded that this region demonstrates the lowest life expectancy, which is partially predetermined by depressive illnesses and illiteracy that contribute to the development of disease. In addition, Kalaria et al. (2008) have discovered, â€Å"†¦increasing frequency of vascular disease and global tends in modernization will add to the burden of AD within the developing countries† (p. 826). Indeed, the globalization process and mobilization provide a new outlook on the treatment techniques of patients. Therefore, much concern relates to the problem of the aging population among which the ratio of adults with dementia is lower in the developing countries than in the developed ones. Introducing Costs Spent on People with Dementia in Developing and Developed Countries Understanding the importance of expenditures spent on treating dementia is vital to promote future health case, as well as improve the overall socio-economic policy. The government needs to gain evidence for establishing firm policies for the fast-growing numbers of adults with dementia. Low social awareness, underestimated attitude to the problem, and maltreatment does not contribute to the efficiency of the introduced strategies. In this respect, social protection and security are among the major challenges in the developing countries because of such factors as urban migration, conflict situations, and deployment of HIV/AIDs (Kalaria et al., 2008). The circumstances also point to the older people as the most vulnerable segment of the population living in the third world. Apart from weak social environment, the developing countries face race discrimination, which is also another reason for the decline in lifespan of people with dement ia. Moreover, the aging process of people with dementia provides greater costs and, as a result, this category is considered the economic burden, particularly for the developing world. In this respect, Wang et al. (2008) have discovered that China is among the leading countries that enters the aging era due to the high level of health care delivery. At the same time, the patients with dementia need constant care with regard to the level of disease severity (Wang et al., 2008). Therefore, despite the fact that the longevity of the patients increased, the economic burden imposed on hospitals and caregivers has been increased as well. Dias et al. (2008) support the idea of enhancing the home care support that can ensure longer life expectancy in India. In fact, the Indian region lack sufficient budgeting of the health care services, particularly people suffering from dementia and, therefore, longevity of their lives is much shorter than in other regions. Rapid demographic aging can res ult in the rise of adults suffering in dementia in the developing countries and, therefore, specific attention should be given to health care arrangement in this particular region. According to the studies by Prince (2004), older individual living in developing countries are not isolated from their younger relatives. However, significant levels of family stress create certain disadvantages in terms of lifespan of people with dementia. Moreover, in contrast to the developed countries, adults with dementia in the developing world usually live in extended families composed of three-generation households. Older people suffering from the disease cannot be regarded as a separate category in the developing societies. As a result, this group experiences significant psychological strain and increase costs influencing all family members as well. Further complications can affect education, impoverishment levels, and gender discrimination. Therefore, Prince (2004) argues, â€Å"dementia is a d evelopment issues, and as such a proper concern for proper concern for policymakers in developing countries† (p. 176). Because people in the developing countries are under the stress of family bonds, their lifespan is unlikely to be higher as compared to the lifespan of adult living in the developed world. Despite the fact that developing world has higher ratio of people with dementia among elder population, the aging phenomenon is still more typical of the developed countries. In fact, greater life expectancy in the developed economies is explained by the greater attention given to the quality of health care services. At the same time, Asian, African, and Latin American regions also witness significant rise of the aging population rates, although their services are less advanced (Shaji, 2009). As a result, because their rates of dementia disease are higher, the aging process poses a significant challenge to this region. Despite the fact that the biological phenomenon of aging is a global problem, the life of senior members of society varies greatly due to the difference in cultural and economic contexts (Shaji, 2009). Health care and aging, therefore, are predetermined by social and cultural factors, including social status and attitude to elder people as accepted in various countries (Prince, 2004). Traditional support systems are unlikely to have a potent impact on economic changes and social restructuring. Conclusion In conclusion, the research studies have discovered that the life expectancy of people with dementia in developed countries is much higher as compared to that of people with dementia in the developing countries due to a number of economic, cultural, and political factors. To begin with, the globalization can be considered as the underpinning for the highlighting the aging process in the world due to the technological and scientific progress. Due to the fact that innovation is more associated with the developed world, this region has high er level of aging population. Although the developing region, including Asia, Africa, and Latin America, has lower quality of health care services, the social support of elder generation is ensured by cultural aspects and traditions. As a result, because both face the aging process, the developing economies are under the threat of having lower rates of longevity among people with dementia. Education and economic costs also relate to the risk factors influencing the rapid growth of the patients. References Dias, A., Dewey, M. E., DSouza, J., Dhume, R., Motghare, D. D., Shaji, K. S., Patel, V. (2008). The Effectiveness of a Home Care Program for Supporting Caregivers of Persons with Dementia in Developing Countries: A Randomised Controlled Trial from Goa, India. Plos Clinical Trials, 5(6), 1-7. Kalaria, R. N., Maestre, G. E., Arizaga, R., Friedland, R. P., Galasko, D., †¦ Antuono, P. (2008). Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia in Developing Countries: Prevalence, M anagement, and Risk Factors. Lancet Neurology, 7(9), 812-826. Prince, M. (2000). Dementia in developing countries. A consensus statement from the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(1), 14-20. Prince, M. (2004). Care arrangements for people with dementia in developing countries. International Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(2), 170-177. Prince, M., Acosta, D., Chiu, H., Scazufca, M., Varghese, M. (2003). Dementia Diagnosis in Developing Countries: A Cross Cultural Validation Study. The Lancet, 361, 909-917. Rooij, A., Luijkx, K. G., Declercq, A. G., Schols, J. (2011). Quality of Life of Residents with Dementia in Long-Term Care Settings in the Netherlands and Belgium: Design of a Longitudinal Comparative Study in Transitional Nursing Homes and Small-Scale Living Facilities. BMC Geriatrics. 11(20), 20. Routree, S. D., Chan, W., Pavlik, V. N. Darby, E. J., Doody, R. S. (2012). Factors that Influence Survival in a Probable Alzheimer D isease Cohort. Alzheimer’s Research Therapy, 4(16), 1-6. Shaji, K. (2009). Dementia care in developing countries: the road ahead. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 5-7. Wang, G., Cheng, Q., Zhang, S., Bai, L., Zeng, J., Cui, P., Chen, S. (2008). Economic impact of dementia in developing countries: an evaluation of Alzheimer-type dementia in Shanghai, China. Journal of Alzheimers Disease: JAD, 15(1), 109-115. Waring, S. C., Doody, R. S., Pavlik, V. N., Massman, P. J., and Chan, W. (2005). Survival among Patients with Dementia from a Large Multi-ethnic Population. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 19(4), 178-183. Wehling, M., Groth, H. (2011). Challenges of longevity in developed countries: vascular prevention of dementia as an immediate clue to tackle an upcoming medical, social and economic stretch. Neuro-Degenerative Diseases, 8(5), 275-282. Xie, J. (2008). Survival Times in People with Dementia: Analysis from Population Based Cohort Study with 14 Year Follow-U p. British Medical Journal. 336, 258-262.

The Main Types of Chemical Bonds

The Main Types of Chemical Bonds Atoms are the basic building blocks of all types of matter. Atoms link to other atoms through chemicals bonds resulting from the strong attractive forces that exist between the atoms. A chemical bond is a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each other. The electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, which are the electrons found in an atoms outermost shell. When two atoms approach each other these outer electrons interact. Electrons repel each other, yet they are attracted to the protons within atoms. The interplay of forces results in some atoms forming bonds with each other and sticking together. Main Types of Chemical Bonds The two main types of bonds formed between atoms are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. An ionic bond is formed when one atom accepts or donates one or more of its valence electrons to another atom. A covalent bond is formed when atoms share valence electrons. The atoms do not always share the electrons equally, so a polar covalent bond may be the result. When electrons are shared by two metallic atoms a metallic bond may be formed. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between two atoms. The electrons that participate in metallic bonds may be shared between any of the metal atoms in the region. Predict Type of Chemical Bond Based on Electronegativity If the electronegativity values of two atoms are similar: Metallic bonds form between two metal atoms.Covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms. Nonpolar covalent bonds form when the electronegativity values are very similar, while polar covalent bonds form when the electronegativity values are a little further apart. If the electronegativity values of two atoms are different, ionic bonds are formed.

Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Method - Essay Example The antioxidants stock solutions were prepared separately. Four hundred milligrams of L-ascorbic acid and tannic acid were dissolved in 5 mL of water to make a stock solution of 80 mg/mL. Forty milligrams of epigallocatechin were dissolved in 5 mL water for a concentration of stock solution of 8 mg/mL. Cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains SH1000 and UAMS-1 were streaked on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plates and incubated 37Â °C for 24 hours. After this period, single colonies were picked, and transferred to tubes with Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). The tubes were placed in an incubator-shaker at 37 Â °C for another 24 hours. The overnight cultures in MHB, after appropriate dilution, served as the inocula for the experimental determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and antioxidants, and mutational frequencies (MF). Overnight cultures were always used fresh, and not after storage. The desired antibiotic starting concentrations were obtained by diluting the desired volume from the stock solutions. For the determination of the mupirocin MIC, the starting concentration was 16 Â µg/mL. This amount was diluted doubly using sterile saline to produce decreasing concentrations of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, and 0.03125 Â µg/mL. The starting concentration of rifampicin was 2 Â µg/mL. Again, double dilution was performed. The following concentrations were used to determine the rifampicin MIC: 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, 0.01563, 0.0078, and 0.0039 Â µg/mL. To determine the MICs of the antioxidants that were to be used in the experiment, the antioxidants solutions were also serially diluted similar to what was done for the antimicrobials mupirocin and rifampicin. The starting concentration of all the antioxidants was 8 mg/mL. After double dilutions, the concentrations used were 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, and 0.01563 mg/mL. Cellulose ester disks with 0.22 Â µm

Answer this question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer this question - Assignment Example 1. Their bodies were short and stockier compared to humans. This characteristic is because of the environments the inhabited. The cold conditions were responsible for their body statue. ("Neanderthals Characteristics Search") 2. The metric analysis is applied to bones remains to study them. This analysis involves using a standard requirements recorded for measuring of sizes of bones. In this situation, one would access the bones and try and date the time of their existence ("Spoilheap Archaeology"). The hole in his vertebrae through which the spinal cord goes has only half as those for regular humans. It explained that they lacked the fine motor control to control speech and were not eloquent like humans. 2. Reproduction involves the formation of gametes. The gametes have half chromosomes from the father and half from the mother. It ensures the newly formed species is different from the mother and father(variation). Sexual selection is the differential variances in male and female mating success. Males have higher variances than

Ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example However, a nurse’s past experiences, values, and beliefs may influence this solution. In addition, one ethical dilemma can be solved in a variety of ways. In this paper, I will give a case of an ethical dilemma in nursing, and discuss how this can be resolved using the 2009 Ethical Decision-making algorithm by Catalano. Ethical issues vary and may involve legal issues, pro-life issues, deception versus truth telling, quantity versus quality of life, control versus freedom, among others. A nurse will react differently to each of these ethical dilemmas (Lipe & Beasley, 2003). My case of ethical dilemma is a pro-life versus pro-choice situation, experienced some time ago by a friend who is a practicing nurse. This involved a fifty-year old woman in the ICU. She had been in the ICU for over one year, and shows no probability of getting better; instead, she gets worse each day. The patient wants her life to be terminated to save her the pain. However, her family does not agree with her wish, and advise the nurses to keep her. She undergoes multiple painful surgeries for her sustenance. The hospital knows that if they prolonged her life, it will be of low quality and full of pain. They however cannot perform anesthesia on her as the family threatened to sue the hospital if they took that step. On the other hand, the patient is bitter that her wish of ending her life has not been granted. This is a perfect example of an ethical dilemma. All the parties involved express different wishes and interests. The patient wants her life terminated to escape the pain; her family wants the nurse to prolong her life, while the nurse wants to save her patient much pain by performing mercy killing. Each party faces obstacles in fulfilling their desires. The patient’s family is the main obstacle as they threaten the nurse with suing if she terminates the patient’s life. Now, the nurse is to come up with a decision that will be neutral on side of the patient as we ll as that of her family. If the nurse prolongs the patient’s life, she will be prolonging her suffering, thus causing her harm. On the other hand, if the nurse complies with her patient’s wish, she may get in trouble with the patient’s family, and so cause a strained relationship, which sounds unethical. Catalino’s ethical decision-making algorithm would have come in handy in directing the nurse to the most appropriate decision (Denier et al., 2010). According to Catalino’s ethical decision-making algorithm, decision-making starts with assessment. This involves determining the party that will be most affected by the decision. Enough facts, including the potential risks of the patient, are gathered to arrive at this. The second step is to collect, analyze and interpret data. Here, the nurse makes use of the information they have to determine possible outcomes. Thirdly, the dilemma is identified and stated. In this case, the identified dilemma is to grant the patient her wish or to listen to her family (Deshpande, 2009). Next is to decide if the nurse can resolve the dilemma or not. If no, the nurse should not take any action, if yes, the possible solutions to the dilemma should be stated. Acceptable and unacceptable consequences are then identified. If the consequences are acceptable, an ethical decision can be taken, if they are unacceptable, no action is to be taken. If ethical decision is

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris

Development, Features and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris Millions of people worldwide suffer from acne vulgaris. Acne vulgaris is classified as inflammation of the skin and the appearance of blemishes. With a large variety of acne treatments, it can be hard to know where to start. From home remedies to prescribed medications, it is common for individuals to have trouble with finding the right treatment. Acne vulgaris is treatable with a number of methods, but it is important to understand that the successful eradication of acne vulgaris is specific to the individuals skin. The development of acne is a disorder of the sebaceous glands. The development of acne begins at the cellar level where the hair follicle is blocked. The hair follicle is an opening in the skin which hair and sebum reach the skins surface. The hair follicle and the sebaceous gland is where acne begins to form. This process may go wrong for those who have acne and the dead skin cells and oil are not cleared out of the pore properly. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) The sebum and dead skin cells become trapped in the follicle. This debris that is trapped in the follicle blocks the pore opening. The blockage is a called a comedo, a clogged hair follicle in the skin. The blockage invites Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium that causes the inflammation of acne breakouts. The comedo creates an environment that lacks oxygen in the follicle. This environment is favored by P. acnes that will thrive and grow out of control in the follicle. The follicle will continue to fill up with sebum, dead skin cells, and bacteria and it will start to swell up. White blood cells go to fight the bacteria in your pores. Redness, swelling, and pus is created forming a pimple. There are multiple things that cause acne. First, there are overactive sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands are responsible for creating sebum and oil that are needed for the skins surface. People who are prone to acne have sebaceous glands that create more sebum than what is needed. The excess oil in the hair follicle will create a blockage in the pore and becomes a comedo. (Web MD, 2015) This is what creates the environment that invites Propionibacterium acnes to grow. Second cause of acne is the abnormal shedding of the skin cells. The epidermis, the top layer of your skin, is always shedding dead skin cells. This natural process of exfoliation is called desquamation. Skin cells travel through the epidermis until they reach the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, where they will fall out and become replaced by newer skin cells below. Desquamation goes wrong with those who have acne and cells are produced faster than normal and the skin cells wont shed and will get trapped in the follicle. The third cause is the proliferation of bacteria in your skin. The most common bacterium that is found in your skin is Propionibacterium. This bacterium grows out of control in those with acne. P. acnes thrives in your pores that are blocked because of the lack of oxygen. P. acnes digest the oil that is trapped in the pores of your skin and produces a fatty acid waste. The waste will irritate your skin that causes the redness and inflammation. P. acnes is antibiotic resistant and cannot be washed away. However, there are treatments available that can help you treat and get rid of the bacteria in your skin. There are other factors that cause acne outside of your body. For example, hormones enlarge the pores and increase the rate of sebum production that can cause clogging. There are many different kinds of acne that you can get. These include: whiteheads, blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Whiteheads, in appearance, are exactly how they are sound. This type of acne has a white head on the surface of your skin. This is caused by sebum and dead skin cells that are blocking your hair follicles. Sebum production and dead skin cell exfoliation is natural for your skin and is needed to keep your skin healthy. However, if this process goes wrong, then that is when you risk getting clogged pores because excess oil and dead skin cells will get trapped and accumulate. Blackheads are relatively similar to whiteheads and also look exactly how they sound. Blackheads are also classified as comedones and look like black dots on the surface of your skin. (Acne, 2015) However, whiteheads are closed in the pores of your skin and blackheads are open. This gives the blackheads appearance. Blackheads are formed when the blockage that is trapped inside the p ore becomes oxidized. Papules are essentially a level higher than a whitehead that has been inflamed. A papule contains bacteria, sebum, and dead skin cells similar to the whitehead, but it does not contain pus. It is set apart from whiteheads by inflammation and redness. Pustules are similar to papules, but contain pus. Pustules are small round lesions appearing whitish on the center because of the pus. Nodes and cysts are similar to each other in terms of acne types. Nodules are severely inflamed and large lesions on the deep layers of the skin. Cysts are smaller and softer pus-filled lesions. These two types of acne can occur together, creating nodular cystic acne, or independently. These types of acne begin as papules and pustules and become nodes/cysts when they become irritated. This causes them to go deeper into the skin and produce pus. Many treatments and medications to treat acne vulgaris can be bought over the counter. Over-the-counter medications and treatments are also known as OTCs. These medications and treatments do not require a prescription issued by a doctor. Treatments that can be readily obtained are known to treat mild to moderate acne. Common over the counter treatments can take the form of lotions, gels, and washes.ÂÂ   Common bases of over the counter acne vulgaris treatments include benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and alpha hydroxy acids. Alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid. Benzoyl peroxide is the most common over the counter acne medication. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)ÂÂ   Benzoyl peroxide is found in a variety of gels, lotions, and soaps. Benzoyl peroxide has drying qualities, which removes excess oil and dirt. Benzoyl peroxide also is effective at eradicating bacteria, which often lead to the formation of acne vulgaris. Due to its drying and cleansing properties, benzoyl peroxide also unclogs pores. Side effects of benzoyl peroxide may include rare allergic reactions, redness, dryness, and scaling of the skin. Salicylic acid is another over the counter acne medication that is used often. Salicylic acid is only available in concentrations of 0.5 to 5 percent. Salicylic acid is used primarily as a topical gel or cream that is applied to effected areas several times a day. Salicylic acid works by preventing the clogging of pores. Side effects that may occur with the use of salicylic acid include redness, dryness, and irritation. The most popular alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid and lactic acid. Although there are other hydroxyl acids, those acids havent proven to be as effective. Alpha hydroxy acids are synthetic acids that would normally be derived from milk and fruit sugars. Hydroxy acids work by removing the dead layer of skin cells on the top of the epidermis. Hydroxy acids do not remove the epidermis, but they do remove the first layer. Hydroxy acids also stimulate the production of new skin, which then leads to smoother, calmer acne. The two side effects of hydroxyl acids are s un sensitivity and irritation. Sulfur, another base of over the counter treatments, is especially effective at eradicating P. acnes bacterium. The P. acnes bacterium is known to have started developing antibacterial resistance. Sulfur is often combined with other acne-eradicating ingredients. Sulfur is known to dry the skin and cause it to peel off; this is helpful in terms of removing excess odor and preventing the clogging of pores. When over the counter methods of treatment do not work well, it is recommended to then visit a dermatologist. Dermatologists will properly access acne and prescribe a treatment. The three main fields of prescription treatments include topical methods, oral methods, and treatment-based methods. There is a very large variety of prescription treatments available. Although these treatments cannot be readily obtained, they are proven to be more potent and concentrated than over the counter methods. The most common topical treatments for prescription medications are retinoids, antibiotics, and dapzone. Retinoids come in the form of creams and gels. Retinoids work by preventing the plugging of hair follicles. Retinoids are derived from vitamin A and they come in many different types. Although they all serve the same purpose, retinoids include tazarotene, adapalene, and tretinoin. Antibiotics are used as topical ointments and creams to kill the bacteria inside of acne. Dapsone is also an effective topical treatment because in addition to an antibiotic, dapsone effectively works to kill bacteria and reduce inflammation. Other prescribed treatment methods are oral drugs. Oral drugs include oral antibiotics, oral contraceptives, anti-androgen agents, and isotretinoin. Oral antibiotics have a direct effect on acne by reducing inflammation and killing bacteria on the skins surface. (Mayo Clinic, 2015) Some individuals cannot be treated with antibiotics because they may have built up a tolerance to antibiotics. Doctors may also be concerned with prescribing antibiotics to treat acne because the antibiotics may be used for months, or even years. The usage of antibiotics for a prolonged period of time is likely to develop antibiotic resistance in that individual. Common antibiotics prescribed for acne include doxycycline, limecycline, minocycline, erythromycin, trimethroprim, and cortimoxazalone. Oral contraceptives are also used in women to help reduce acne. Oral contraceptives include hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which balances out the amount of androgen produced in the body. Anti-androge n oral pills may also be prescribed to limit the amount of androgen produced in the body. Isotretinoin is often the last resort for acne treatments because it is a pill that may cause major side effects. Although isotretinoin is very effective, it does require close monitoring by the doctor. Isotretinoin is only prescribed when all other treatment methods have failed. Women that are prescribed this treatment are required to first take part in a Food and Drug Administration monitoring program. Many other treatments prescribed by the doctor are therapies. Therapies include light therapy, which targets bacteria in the skin that cause inflammation. Chemical peels may also be conducted in a doctors office. Chemical peels are acids applied to the skin that help with the eradication of bacteria on skin.ÂÂ   Steroids can also be injected in to nodular and cystic acne to improve appearance. With the injection of steroids, extraction of the cysts and nodules is not necessary. While treating acne, an emerging problem is antibiotic resistance in acnes. The Propoinibacterium found in P. acnes, is a slow growing, thick-walled bacteria that exhibits antibiotic resistance. To treat these types of acnes, doctors must turn to other methods of treatment besides antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in P. acnes raises concern because it is quite possible that other bacterium may begin to show similar properties. P. Acnes bacterial resistance is common in people treated with antibiotics for acne, and the resistance can spread to their family members and neighbors. (Ngan, 2014) As described above, many methods for acne suppression are available. Although many methods are available, it is important to note that not all treatments are equal in terms of effectiveness and that treatment is individualistic. When choosing an acne treatment method, it is important to know which kind of acne needs to be treated, and how severe it is. Mild to moderate cases of acne vulgaris are commonly successfully treated with over the counter treatments, and severe acne vulgaris is often treated with the help of a medical professional. According to dermatologists, all acne vulgaris is believed to be treatable after proper assessment and examination of the affected individual. Bibliography M. (2015, January 20). Acne Causes. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/causes/con-20020580 M. (2015, January 20). Acne Treatments and drugs. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/basics/treatment/con-20020580 M. (2015, July 09). Over-the-counter acne products: What works and why. Retrieved January 18, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/in-depth/acne-products/art-20045814 Which birth control pills can help reduce acne? (2013, January 30). Retrieved January 19, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072393/ Writer, S. (2017, January 11). Different Types of Acne | Learn What Acne Type you Have. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.acne.com/types-of-acne/acne-signs/